脲酶/硝化抑制剂配施氮肥对春玉米农田氨排放的影响

通过两年田间定位试验,探讨脲酶/硝化抑制剂配施氮肥在黑土区玉米体系中的氨减排及氮素增效效果。设置两种耕作模式(条耕和旋耕)和3种氮肥类型(常规尿素、添加脲酶抑制剂尿素、添加硝化抑制剂尿素)。结果表明,条耕产量和氮素利用率分别为8 631 kg/hm2和33.4%,明显低于旋耕;氨挥发总量为20.6 kg/hm2,明显高于旋耕。脲酶/硝化抑制剂配施氮肥的产量和氮素利用率分别为10 737 kg/hm2和46.0%,较常规尿素分别提高25.6%和23.6%;土壤氨挥发累积量为18.6 kg/hm2,明显低于常规尿素。抑制剂类型显著影响氨排放,添加脲酶抑制剂尿素低于添加硝化抑制剂尿素。相同氮素投入条件下,添加脲酶/硝化抑制剂尿素在土壤条耕和旋耕模式下均可实现增产增效及氨减排效果,且添加脲酶抑制剂尿素具有较好的氨减排效果。     

利用12C6+重离子辐射和尖孢镰刀菌毒素筛选杂交兰抗茎腐病突变体

为创建抗茎腐病杂交兰资源,本研究以玉女兰类原球茎为材料,采用¹²C⁶⁺重离子辐射技术结合尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)粗毒素筛选抗茎腐病突变体。结果表明,经不同剂量¹²C⁶⁺重离子辐射后,玉女兰类原球茎的死亡率差异显著,辐射剂量为50 Gy时,死亡率为54.66%;尖孢镰刀菌粗毒素对玉女兰类原球茎存活率影响显著,当粗毒素滤液浓度为80%时,玉女兰类原球茎存活率为41.98%。采用逐步筛选法对经50 Gy¹²C⁶⁺辐射后的玉女兰类原球茎进行抗茎腐病筛选,获得14个抗性系类原球茎,筛选率为4.67%;对抗性系类原球茎进行分化、生根壮苗和移栽,获得3个抗性系Z50Gt₁、Z50Gt₂和Z50Gt₃。在含80%粗毒素滤液的培养基上抗性系类原球茎的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性均高于对照,POD活性峰值比对照提高了867.67 U·g^-1·h^-1;丙二醛(MDA)含量呈现先高于对照,随着毒素胁迫时间的延长,转变为低于对照的趋势。对3个抗性系试管苗和小苗进行人工接种鉴定,结果表明,抗性系Z50Gt₂和Z50Gt₃的再生植株具有稳定的茎腐病抗性,2个抗病株系7个月大的盆栽植株病情指数分别为20.00%和19.33%,均为抗性级别。本研究结果为采用重离子辐射技术选育抗茎腐病杂交兰新品种奠定了基础。     

嗜鞣管囊酵母木糖发酵乙醇高产突变株选育及其发酵特性

目前能够利用木糖发酵产乙醇的菌株很少且产量较低,对菌株进行诱变选育,可以提高其对木质纤维集的利用率.本试验选择嗜鞣管囊酵母As2.1585为原始菌株,采用15keV的低能氮离子进行注入诱变.随着注量的增加,菌体存活率曲线呈"马鞍型",综合考虑其存活率和正突变率,确定最佳诱变注量为12.5×1014ions/cm2,对诱...     

电解质浓度对土壤吸附铜离子时氢离子释放的影响

研究了不同铜离子浓度、不同电解质浓度情况下,吸附铜离子时氢离子释放对两种可变电荷土壤和4种恒电荷土壤悬液pH的影响。研究结果表明,除了黄棕壤外,含铁量越高,由于吸附铜离子后所引起的土壤ΔpH最大值越小。加入的铜离子浓度为10-4 mol L-1时,铜离子吸附对中和曲线形状没有根本影响。在较低浓度时,铜离子吸附时氢离子的释放较少;而在较高浓度时,当体系pH大于一临界值时,开始释放大量氢离子。氧化铁是引起恒电荷土壤和可变电荷土壤在吸附铜离子时氢离子释放差异产生的主要原因。电解质浓度的变化对恒电荷土壤和可变电荷土壤吸附铜离子后中和曲线变化影响有很大的区别,含铁量越高,电解质浓度对土壤吸附铜离子后的氢离子释放的影响越小。     

不同形态氮肥对设施土壤盐分含量和离子组成的影响

通过室内模拟培养实验,研究了尿素、碳酸氢铵和硝酸钙对设施土壤盐分含量和离子组成的影响.结果表明:(1)随着培养时间延长,不同形态氮肥处理土壤含盐量总体呈先升高后降低再升高的趋势.施肥处理的土壤含盐量较对照(CK)明显增加,但不同氮肥处理与未施氮肥处理(N0)间的土壤含盐量在整个培养期间内总体差异不显著.且氮肥用量对含盐量的影响也不显著.(2)设施土壤中尿素和碳酸氢铵处理的电导率与含盐量呈极显著正相关,硝酸钙处理电导率与含盐量呈显著正相关.且随培养时间的延长呈波浪状变化.其电导率显著高于相同氮用量时的其他两种氮肥处理;电导率与氮肥用量呈极显著正相关.(3)不同形态氮肥处理的土壤盐分离子组成相近,均以阴离子为主.设施土壤阴离子占盐分总量的76.29%～93.81%,露地土壤为75.16%～96.63%,以SO_4~(2-)含量最高,分别占67.37%和67.28%,NO_3~-含量次之;土壤中阳离子含量较少,以Ca~(2+)为主,K~+,Na~+,Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+)的含量随氮肥用量的增加而增加.(4)土壤电导率受阳离子的影响较大.阴离子的影响较小.设施土壤的电导率与Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+),K~+.NO_3~-含量呈极显著正相关,与Cl~-1呈显著正相关.露地土壤电导率与Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+)含量呈极显著正相关,与HCO_3~-呈显著负相关.     

生物质灰渣与化肥混合对氨挥发的影响

采用室内恒温培养,碱液吸收法测定灰渣-化肥中氮的挥发量,研究了锯木灰、谷壳灰、玉米灰、水稻灰分别与不同化肥配比下,在一定时间内的氨挥发规律。结果表明:四种灰渣在N1、N2、N3水平下,随着时间的增加氨的挥发量和挥发率呈先增大后减小的趋势,各处理的峰值多出现在10~15 d的培养阶段;谷壳灰、玉米灰、水稻灰添加磷酸二氢钾能明显抑制混合物中氨的挥发,而锯木灰添加氯化钾、磷酸二氢钾均能抑制氨的挥发;在四种灰渣中,锯木灰处理的氨挥发率明显高于其他三种灰渣,特别是在N3水平下比同期的其他灰渣处理高5倍。Elovich方程和抛物线扩散方程均能较好拟合氨的挥发量随时间的变化,其相关系数均达到极显著水平。     

三峡库区农田氨挥发及其消减措施研究进展

从分析农田氨挥发的机理入手,在分析国内外氨挥发研究现状的背景下,综述了三峡库区农田氨挥发受气候、土壤理化性质、田间管理措施等因素的影响程度及其消减措施的研究进展,提出了应将农田氨挥发作为库区气态氮损失的研究重点,同时在研究方法、时空尺度、地域特殊影响因素,以及消减措施等方面进行更深入的探索。     

天津市农田氮肥施用氨排放量估算及分布特征分析

氮素是作物生长的必要营养元素,氮肥施用过程中,会导致氨的挥发,而氨是形成可吸入颗粒物的重要前体物,为了解天津市农田氮肥施用过程中氨的排放,为天津市空气污染治理提供技术支撑,通过获取天津市不同农作物的不同氮肥种类施用量,依据国家环保部推荐的排放因子法和天津市的年均温度,对天津市农田氮肥施用过程中氨的排放量进行了估算和时空分布特征分析。结果表明,2014年天津市农田氮肥施用氨排放量为17 999.91 t,排放强度为3.27 t·km-2;从氮肥种类上看,尿素是最大排放源,贡献率为83.13%,其次是碳铵(13.83%),其他氮肥占比为3.04%;从农作物类型上看,蔬菜是最大的排放源,贡献率为38.91%,其次是玉米(29.43%)和小麦(19.66%),其他作物占比为12.00%。氨的排放系数具有明显的时间特征:中午高,夜间低;8月份最高,1月份最低。在各区县中,武清区氨排放量最大,贡献率为27.06%;津南区氨排放量最小,贡献率为1.14%;另外,宝坻区和蓟县的氨排放量也较高,贡献率分别为20.71%、17.86%。氨具有较强的空间分布差异性,在有氮肥施用的农田排放较高,其他区域排放较低。因此在控制天津市农田氮肥施用氨排放中应加强对武清区、宝坻区、蓟县等区县6—8月份蔬菜种植过程中尿素的科学施用。农田氨的时空分布特征可为天津市空气污染的防治提供科学依据。     

Short-term population dynamics of ammonia oxidizing bacteria in an agricultural soil

Ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) control the rate limiting step of nitrification, the conversion of ammonia (NH₄⁺) to nitrite (NO₂⁻). The AOB therefore have an important role to play in regulating soil nitrogen cycling. Tillage aerates the soil, stimulating rapid changes in soil N cycling and microbial communities. Here we report results of a study of the short term responses of AOB and net nitrification to simulated tillage and NH₄⁺ addition to soil. The intensively farmed vegetable soils of the Salinas Valley, California, provide the context for this study. These soils are cultivated frequently, receive large N fertilizer inputs and there are regional concerns about groundwater N concentrations. An understanding of N dynamics in these systems is therefore important. AOB population sizes were quantified using a real-time PCR approach. In a 15 day experiment AOB populations, increased rapidly following tillage and NH₄⁺ addition and persisted after the depletion of soil NH₄⁺. AOB population sizes increased to a similar degree, over a 1.5-day period, irrespective of the amount of NH₄⁺ supplied. These data suggest selection of an AOB community in this intensively farmed and C-limited soil, that rapidly uses NH₄⁺ that becomes available. These data also suggest that mineralization may play an especially important role in regulating AOB populations where NH₄⁺ pool sizes are very low. Methodological considerations in the study of soil AOB communities are also discussed.     

Influence of water potential on nitrification and structure of nitrifying bacterial communities in semiarid soils

The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between soil water potential, nitrifier community structure and nitrification activity in semiarid soils. Soils were collected after a 5-month dry period (end of summer) and subsequently rewetted to specific water potentials and incubated for 7 days prior to analysis of nitrification activity and nitrifier community structure. The approach used in this study targeted a 491bp segment of the amoA gene which encodes the active site of the ammonia monooxygenase enzyme, which is the key enzyme for all aerobic ammonia oxidisers. amoA serves as a useful target for environmental studies since it is both specific and universal for all ammonia oxidisers and reflects the phylogeny of the ammonia oxidisers. Our results suggest that in semiarid soils water potential plays a key role in determining the structure of ammonia oxidising bacteria (AOB), and that additionally AOB community structure is correlated to potential nitrification rate in these soils.