盐碱地渗水调配养殖南美白对虾技术

本文介绍了利用黄河三角洲地区丰富、闲置的重盐碱地,经过合理调配水质,在反复试验的基础上设计出一套合理的健康养殖技术方案,实施了大面积南美白对虾盐碱地健康养殖。尤其是通过在用盐碱地渗出的咸水与淡水混合调配成的,盐度为5～20的养殖用水中,添加一定浓度的钾离子,有效提高了虾苗的成活率。     

The effect of acid water on oxygen consumption,circulating catecholamines and blood ionic and acid-base status in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri,Richardson)

Chronically cannulated rainbow trout were exposed in acid water (pH 4.0) for 72h. The gill potential was strongly dependent on water pH, being blood side negative in neutral water, but positive in acid water. Catecholamine levels increased irregularly during acid exposure, and the Bohr and Root effects were not completely erased by the effect of catecholamines during acid exposure. Long term exposure to low water pH, although causing an acidosis in the fish, did not suppress resting oxygen consumption. Prolonged exposure to acid conditions, however, resulted in an increase in ammonia excretion. Changes in plasma sodium and chloride were similar to that reported previously for trout exposed to low calcium, acid water. We conclude that exposure of trout to pH 4 soft water, although impairing oxygen transport, does not limit resting oxygen consumption but does reduce the scope for activity. More extreme acid conditions do impair resting oxygen uptake.     

Feeding has the largest effect on the ammonia excretion rate of the southern rock lobster, Jasus edwardsii, and the western rock lobster, Panulirus cygnus

The total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) excretion of spiny lobsters Jasus edwardsii and Panulirus cygnus, was determined in relation to temperature, body weight, emersion, daily rhythm and feeding. Temperature and body weight had large influences on the rate of TAN excretion. Exponential relationships were found between temperature (T) and TAN excretion of both species. These were described by the following equations: J. edwardsii Log₁₀ TAN=0.041T−3.57 (r²=0.979, F=143.2, P=0.001), P. cygnus Log₁₀ TAN=0.057T−3.90 (r²=0.987, F=302.2, P<0.001). TAN excretions of both species were positively correlated to body weight (W), and the relationships were described by the following equations: J. edwardsii Log₁₀ TAN=0.473 log₁₀ W−1.704 (r²=0.42, F=14.05, P=0.001), P. cygnus Log₁₀ TAN=0.499 log₁₀ W−1.346 (r²=0.69, F=44.18, P<0.001). TAN excretion increased significantly when lobsters were re-immersed after a 30 min period of emersion. However, it returned to pre-emersion levels by the second hour of re-immersion. Daily rhythm resulted in a significantly higher nocturnal TAN excretion rate for J. edwardsii; no daily rhythm was observed for P. cygnus. Feeding had the largest influence on TAN excretion, with maximum increases of 6.28 (J. edwardsii) and 5.60 (P. cygnus) times the pre-feeding level. TAN excretion rates remained significantly higher than the pre-feeding levels for an extended period (26 h, J. edwardsii; 30 h, P. cygnus). Implications for the use of purging tanks in lobster holding facilities and for the design of biofiltration systems are discussed.     

Intestinal phytase I: Detection and preliminary characterization of activity in the intestinal brush border membrane of hybrid striped bass Morone saxatilis × M. chrysops

While numerous studies have evaluated intestinal phytase activity in terrestrial monogastric species, little work has been conducted investigating the enzyme's activity in finfish. This experiment was conducted to determine if hybrid striped bass Morone saxatilis × M. chrysops possess intestinal phytase activity, and to perform a preliminary characterization of this activity in terms of pH, metal ion dependence and substrate kinetics. Hybrid bass do exhibit low levels of intestinal phytase activity. The activity has an acidic pH optimum between 3.5 and 4.5. Low concentrations of Mn²⁺ slightly enhance this activity. The divalent cations Mg²⁺ and Zn²⁺ were shown to either have no effect on the enzyme activity or to be inhibitory, particularly at high concentrations. The present results indicate that intestinal phytase activity in hybrid bass does follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics, with estimated K_m and V_max values of 2.5 mM phytate and 4.8 units mg⁻¹ protein, respectively. The physiologic significance of the enzyme's presence in hybrid striped bass is questionable due to the low activity as compared to terrestrial monogastrics, the acidic pH optimum and the low affinity the enzyme appears to have for phytate. These observations also raise the question of whether the intestinal phytase activity detected in hybrid bass is merely a manifestation of non-specific acid phosphatase activity. Further investigation is needed to determine the practical significance of phytase activity in hybrid bass in terms of phytate phosphorus utilization. Additional experiments should also be conducted which evaluate intestinal phytase activity in other important aquacultured finfish species. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

不同pH和氧气条件下土壤古菌与海洋古菌的竞争适应机制

pH和氧气是古菌氨氧化活性的关键限制因子。然而,复杂土壤中不同古菌生态型（土壤古菌和海洋古菌）对pH和氧气的竞争适应规律尚未有相关报道。选择活性氨氧化古菌（ammonia-oxidizing archaea, AOA）为类海洋古菌Group1.1a-associated的酸性森林土（ pH5.40）和活性氨氧化古菌为土壤类古菌Group 1.1b的碱性水稻土（ pH8.02）,调节混合土壤pH和氧气浓度;设置稳定性同位素核酸探针实验,通过微宇宙室内培养,监测土壤硝化强度;利用实时荧光定量qPCR和454高通量测序研究pH和氧气对土壤氨氧化古菌和细菌的影响规律。结果表明：pH3.8下没有硝化作用发生,而pH6.0和7.6则发生了强烈硝化作用,且高氧环境下硝化作用强于低氧环境;加底物培养后,氨氧化古菌数量明显增加;活性氨氧化古菌几乎全为土壤类古菌Group 1.1b。研究表明：尽管氧气对硝化作用也有一定影响,但pH是影响硝化作用的主要因素;与类海洋古菌相比,土壤类古菌Group?1.1b更能适应高氧和低氧的碱性土壤环境,因此具有更强的竞争力。     

高能碳离子束辐射对玉米当代的生物学效应

为了研究高能碳离子诱变对玉米的影响,本研究利用高能碳离子处理昌7-2和PH6WC两个玉米自交系,分析当代植株的出苗率、株高、穗位高等表型,测定收获后的籽粒性状。结果表明,经高能碳离子辐射后,两个玉米自交系的出苗率显著降低,且在高剂量辐射下两个玉米自交系在2019年均有降低。植株表型分析结果发现,在2019年,昌7-2和PH6WC在40~100 Gy辐射下株高显著下降;在2020年,PH6WC在150 Gy辐射下穗位高显著下降;在2019年,昌7-2在60~100 Gy辐射下穗位高显著下降;在2019年,昌7-2在80~100 Gy辐射下叶夹角增大;在2019年,昌7-2在40、100 Gy辐射下叶长显著降低,PH6WC在100 Gy辐射下叶长和叶宽显著下降;在2019年,昌7-2在80 Gy辐射下叶宽显著增加,在20 Gy辐射下雄穗分枝显著增加,而100 Gy辐射下雄穗分枝显著降低。在籽粒性状中,高剂量(60~100 Gy)辐射下的粒厚显著增加,粒长降低但百粒重有所增加,昌7-2比PH6WC更为明显。由上述结果可知,不同玉米种质的不同性状对高能碳离子的诱变处理效应存在差异,40~60 Gy是昌7-2较为适宜的诱变剂量,而PH6WC较为适宜的剂量为60~80 Gy。本研究结果可为玉米种子的高能碳离子诱变剂量筛选提供一定的理论依据。     

机插密度对盐碱地超级稻产量及钠钾离子吸收的影响

为筛选出江苏滨海盐碱地超级稻品种‘湘两优900’的适宜机插密度,研究了不同机插密度（高密度,T₁：25.0×10⁴穴/hm²;中密度,T₂：19.9×10⁴穴/hm²;低密度,T₃：16.6×10⁴穴/hm²）对水稻各指标的影响,并动态监测了土壤及田间水盐分的变化。结果表明：水稻种植能够显著降低土壤可溶性总盐含量,降幅可达28.68%;随机插密度变小,水稻单穴的分蘖数、干物质重能够显著提高,而群体的分蘖数和干物质重会相应的显著降低;水稻SPAD值在生殖生长期时,随密度下降呈增加的趋势,而叶面积指数在所有生育期均呈降低的趋势;机插密度下降能够显著增加单穴钠钾离子积累量和显著降低群体的钠钾离子积累。相关分析表明,不同机插密度水稻实际产量与单株钠离子积累量呈显著负相关,与群体有效穗数、群体干物质积累量呈显著正相关,与每穗总粒数、群体钾离子积累量呈极显著正相关。本试验条件下,江苏滨海盐碱地‘湘两优900’的适宜机插密度为25.0×10⁴穴/hm²。     

粉垄“4453”增产提质效应及其利民利国发展潜能

袁隆平院士接受媒体记者提出:"粉垄技术可在全国推广"。该文介绍了粉垄重构农田耕作层具"4453"效应,即:"四增"—增加耕层松土量、土壤原生养分利用量,增大"土壤水库"、"土壤氧气库";"四减"—减少水土流失、碳排放量,减低耕层土壤含盐量、重金属含量;"五抗"—增强作物抗干旱、高温、低温、病害、倒伏等能力;"三提高"—促进作物光合效率提高10%以上,产量提高10%~30%以上,品质提高5%以上;人力、畜力、拖拉机耕作依次具增产10%规律,粉垄耕作则还具函拖拉机耕作加上再翻倍深松耕层叠加效应可达20甚至更高增产;指出如全国推广10亿亩,可增贮天然降水400亿立方,盘活土壤原生养分后可减少化肥施用量70多亿千克,新增粮食可多养活3亿多人,产生总体效应还可以助力提升国民身体健康水平和社会稳定、国家安全。     

预处理对香蕉片质构特性的影响

[目的]优选能够有效改善香蕉果肉质构性质的预处理方法.[方法]选用香蕉为原料,探讨了热烫处理、外源钙离子、果胶甲酯酶及复合处理对鲜切香蕉片质构特性的影响.[结果]试验表明,果胶甲酯酶复合热处理对香蕉片硬化效果较理想,在添加0.005％果胶甲酯酶（以浸泡液质量计）时,香蕉片硬化效果最优.相较于其他处理方式,香蕉片硬度、弹性和咀嚼性得到了明显的改善.[结论]该试验可为香蕉深加工工艺的研究提供理论基础.