The community idea in American country life

The American Country LifeAssociation was heir to Theodore Roosevelt'sCountry Life Commission, which examined thegeneral conditions of farming life in the opencountry, and...its larger problems. In1919, Kenyon Butterfield, a member ofRoosevelt's Commission, met withrepresentatives from 30 states and 25 nationalorganizations to form the American Country LifeAssociation. In that year, Butterfield, ACLA'sfirst president, published a book, TheFarmer and the New Day, whose defining chapterwas The Making of Communities: The CommunityIdea. The ACLA was educator created and led.Solutions to rural problems were seen aseducational matters. But educational philosophywas undergoing scrutiny and new educationalconcepts were arising from the bustling,industrializing, urbanizing times of late19th century. The experimental,unconstrained spirit of the nation at the turnof the century was formalized as pragmatism. Aleading pragmatist and educator of the time wasJohn Dewey, a contemporary of Butterfield.The communitarianism of Butterfield and Deweycarried throughout the life of ACLA in avariety of forms. Even after ACLA ended as anorganization in 1976, the concerns and idealscontinued in successor organizations, and canbe found in environmental, sustainableagriculture, and rural life organizationstoday. This paper traces one of continuingthemes of the ACLA, the community idea as a wayof adding a social dimension to agriculture'seconomic policies and development. The ACLAstory is a metaphor for country life throughmuch of 20th century America. ACLA is alsoa lesson in how organizations come into being,flourish, falter, die, and leave their legaciesto future generations.     

美系獭兔的胴体性状和肉品质特性研究

通过对20只美系獭兔屠宰性能和肉品质的测定，研究獭兔的生产性能和肉质特性及它们之间的关系，结果表明：美系獭兔5月龄的平均体重为2.533 kg,商用皮重0.410 kg,屠宰率为60.70%，右后腿重0.182 kg，体长和腰周长分别为30.69和18.04 cm；美系獭兔背最长肌和后腿肉的pH1(宰后1 h的pH)分别为6.42和6.43，pH24(宰后24 h的pH)分别为6.22和6.35,肉色L*值分别为54.66和52.67，a*值分别为12.37和9.89，b*值分别为9.06和4.08；兔肉的滴水损失、熟肉率、蒸煮损失、剪切力值、水分含量和肌内脂肪含量分别为2.06%、62.12%、30.44%、2.453 kg.f、73.60%和1.67%。商用皮重与热胴体重、体长存在极显著的正相关（P<0.01），与商用胴体重存在显著的正相关（P<0.05）。兔的体重（热胴体、商用胴〖JP2〗体、右后腿）、体型（体长和腰周长）与滴水损失、蒸煮损失呈负相关，与熟肉率、剪切力值呈正相关，但相关性都不显著（P>0.05）。     

Developmental changes in pituitary–thyroid axis, and formation of gonads in leptocephali and glass eels of Anguilla spp.

SUMMARY: Pituitary, thyroid gland and gonads in leptocephali of Japanese eel Anguilla japonica (19.8–32.6 mm in total length), A. obscura (45.0 mm), and A. bicolor pacifica (49.5 mm) and those in glass eels of the Japanese eel were histologically and immunohistochemically examined in order to observe the developmental changes of these endocrine organs in the Anguillidae. The pituitary, consisting of adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis in Japanese eel leptocephali over 22.5 mm, did not contain thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) immunoreactive cells. Such cells were, however, detectable in the more developed pituitaries of leptocephali of A. obscura and A. bicolor pacifica and in those of glass eels. Conversely, thyroxine (T₄)-immunoreactive thyroid follicles could be detected in all specimens, both leptocephalic and glass eel. Only in glass eels, gonads were found in the body cavity, and these gonads harbored one or two primordial germ cells (PGC) per cross-section. Our results indicate that thyroid hormones (TH) production started prior to TSH production, and that TSH and TH are both secreted during the metamorphosis from leptocephalus to glass eel. Therefore, it is plausible that the TSH–TH axis is involved in the metamorphosis from leptocephalus to glass eel, but not in the early growth from preleptocephalus to leptocephalus.     

后现代主义“反侦探小说”——以《芒博琼博》为例

后现代“反侦探小说”是当代越来越受到评论家关注的一个亚文类。本文在简要梳理“反侦探小说”基本特征的基础上，结合非裔美国作家伊什梅尔·里德的代表作《芒博琼博》，从罪案之谜、侦探形象和叙事结构等方面进一步探讨后现代文本对传统侦探小说的解构。本文认为，对后现代“反侦探小说”政治性的认识，是一个值得商榷的问题。     

美国黑人英语语言特征在电影对白中的表现及分析

屡次被贴上“蹩足英语”标签的美国黑人英语（AAVE）在美国文化发展中所起的作用不容质疑，黑人英语作为黑人文化的源泉一直受到语言学家及社会学家的关注。文中围绕美国黑人英语中BE不变体、否定、嘲讽及黑人俚语运用等典型语言特征，以系列好莱坞经典黑人电影对白为素材，分析了美国黑人英语的“黑人味”。指出作为一种成熟的英语变体，美国黑人英语独特的语言体系及其蕴含的丰富黑人文化元素对研究美国多元文化的变迁具有重要意义。     

美式家具仿古涂饰工艺技术

研究美式家具仿古涂装中的木材着色剂和涂装工艺技术.通过对着色材料成分、着色方法和机理的分析,说明不同的着色剂的作用和适用环境,并介绍仿古做旧的具体工艺程序和操作要点.     

不同加工处理中草药对鳗鲡主要致病菌的抗菌效果

采用琼脂稀释法，测定了3种不同加工处理后的大黄（Pheum officinale B.）、黄连（Coptis chinensis F.）、黄芩（Scutellaria baicalensis G．）、五倍子（Rhus chinensis M．）、连翘（Forsyrhia suspense V．）、知母（Anemarrhena asphodeloides B．）等6种中草药对16株鳗鲡致病菌的MIC和MBC．结果表明：6种中草药通过不同的加工处理，其抑菌效果存在显著差异．6种中草药通过两种粉碎方法处理后的抑菌效果明显好于水煎煮法，而且药物粉碎颗粒的大小与药物抑菌效果也有一定的关系．     

适应山区发展的美国布朗李的引种栽培

美国布郎李的两个品种－紫琥珀和黑宝石从１９９２年引入金华以来，表现出来的丰产稳产状，适应性强，品质佳等特点深当地群众喜爱，概述了这两个品种的生态生产物学特性及引种几个来的生长结果状况后，进而对它们的引种栽培技术作了介绍。