This study evaluated the effect of short-term baths with the essential oils (EOs) of Lippia sidoides, Ocimum gratissimum and Zingiber officinale on the survival, haematological, biochemical and histopathological parameters of native fish tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. After challenge, the fish infected with A. hydrophila received therapeutic baths of 60 min, for five consecutive days. Treatments were as follows: challenged and not treated; challenged and treated with 10 mg L?1 of gentamicin; challenged and treated with EO of L. sidoides (2.5 and 5.0 mg L?1); challenged and treated with EO of O. gratissimum (5.0 and 10.0 mg L?1); challenged and treated with Z. officinale EO (5.0 and 10.0 mg L?1). The highest survival rates were 89.5% (fish treated with 5.0 mg L?1 of O. gratissimum EO) and 75.0% (fish treated with 5.0 mg L?1 of L. sidoides EO). Reductions in the haematocrit percentage, haemoglobin and erythrocyte number were observed in fish treated with L. sidoides and Z. officinale EOs compared with control fish. Mild to moderate damage to the liver tissue of fish after challenge and EO treatments were observed. It is suggested that baths containing O. gratissimum and L. sidoides EOs consist in a viable treatment to increase survival rates of C. macropomum infected with A. hydrophila. 相似文献
To identify the aetiology of the disease outbreak in cultured Procambarus clarkii, a dominant bacteria strain from the diseased crayfish hepatopancreas was isolated. It was identified as Aeromonas veronii based on biochemical identification and 16S rDNA sequencing. The symptoms of artificially infected crayfish were similar to those of naturally infected P. clarkii. The A. veronii was sensitive to norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime, cefuroxime and ceftriaxone antibiotics, while resistant to penicillin, ampicillin, oxacillin and piperacillin. Virulence genes such as the enterotoxin genes (act, alt and ast) and haemolytic toxin genes (hlyA and aerA) were detected. After A. veronii infection, the connections between some liver tubules disappeared, the vacuoles appeared in the brush border and the mitochondria were enlarged. The antagonistic action of previous identified B. subtilis CK3 against A. veronii was also detected. The supernatant of B. subtilis CK3 exhibits a significant bactericidal effect on A. veronii. After B. subtilis CK3 immersion, the antioxidant enzymes and immune-related enzyme activities in hepatopancreas were significantly higher than control. The accumulative mortality caused by infection of A. veronii can be significantly reduced by adding B. subtilis CK3 into the aquatic water. These results demonstrated that B. subtilis CK3 could act as a water additive to improve the immune response of P. clarkii against newly identified A. veronii. The present study will provide a new way for the prevention and control of crayfish bacterial diseases and also provide technical support for the healthy cultivation of P. clarkii. 相似文献
The potential of bacteriophage therapy to control bacterial disease in farmed fish was tested using, as an example, furunculosis of Atlantic salmon, caused by Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida.
In vivo testing with Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) showed no adverse effects, with bacteriophage generally cleared within 96 h of administration by either intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection or oral in-feed.
Juvenile Atlantic salmon were administered a combination of bacteriophage O, R and B (1.9 × 108 pfu fish− 1) by i.p. injection, after they had been challenged with A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida 78027, also by i.p. injection. The fish that were injected with bacteriophage immediately after challenge died at a significantly slower rate then those that were either not treated with bacteriophage, or treated 24 h post-challenge. However, the end result (100% mortality) was not affected.
In further experiments the effects of oral (1.88 × 105 pfu g− 1 fish− 1 daily for 30 days), bath (1.04 × 105 ml− 1 daily for 30 days) and i.p. (6.25 × 107 pfu fish− 1) phage treatment to control furunculosis in experimentally infected Atlantic salmon were compared with antibiotherapy (treatment with 10 mg kg− 1 bw− 1 day− 1 oxolinic acid for 10 days), using an indirect cohabitation challenge. No protection was offered by any of the bacteriophage treatments, compared to the positive challenge group, although significant protection was offered by the oxolinic acid treatment. Analysis of samples taken from the trials demonstrated that bacteriophage were correctly administered to the fish and, on occasion, were isolated from fish that had succumbed to furunculosis. It was also shown that bacteriophage resistant A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida isolates could be recovered from mortalities in all the treatment groups.
The results suggest that, although there were no safety problems associated with the approach, furunculosis in Atlantic salmon is not readily controllable by application of bacteriophage. 相似文献
Significant numbers of perch, Perca fluviatilis, raised on a pilot fish farm in Switzerland presented focal skin lesions on the lateral sides and fin rot. Mortality rates reached levels of up to 1% of the total fish on the farm per day. Virtually pure cultures of Aeromonas sobria were isolated from the liver, kidney, spleen and skin lesions of affected fish. Aeromonas sobria isolated from the farmed perch had a haemolytic effect on sheep and trout erythrocytes, autoaggregated, was cytotoxic for cultured fish cells and possessed genes involved in type III protein secretion. Experimental infection of naive perch with a single colony isolate of A. sobria from an affected farm fish resulted in the development of clinical signs identical to those seen on the farm. The results indicate that A. sobria can act as a primary pathogen of perch. 相似文献
In this study, exotoxins produced by 62 Aeromonas salmonicida strains and the bacterium Haemophilus piscium were analysed. Enzymatic assays, zymograms and serological detection were used to monitor secretion by bacterial strains of the previously described exotoxins P1, GCAT and AsaP1 and also the extracellular P2 metallo-gelatinase and a serine caseinase, which is different from the P1 protease and has not yet been characterized. Based on the results, the strains were divided into five groups. One comprised the type strains for A. salmonicida ssp. masoucida, H. piscium and 36% of the atypical isolates, and another, a type strain for A. salmonicida ssp. smithia together with 14% of the atypical isolates. A second type strain of A. salmonicida ssp. smithia was grouped with 8% of the atypical isolates. The largest group contained the type strains for A. salmonicida ssp. achromogenes and 38% of the atypical isolates. The type strains for A. salmonicida ssp. salmonicida were in the last group with all the four typical strains and 4% of the atypical isolates. The combination of zymogram and serological detection used is recommended as the most reliable method for characterizing A. salmonicida strains according to their exotoxin secretion. 相似文献