鲤竖鳞病病原及其疫苗的研究

对发生在山东境内的鲤竖鳞病进行了病原学研究,经过病原分离,人工感染实验和细菌学鉴定,确定豚鼠气单胞菌（Ａｅｒｏｍｏｎａｓｃａｕｉａｅ）是鲤竖鳞病的病原菌,在此基础上,得到了免疫原性较高和生产工艺简单的鲤竖鳞病疫苗,同时,对该疫功的安全性,免疫保护力和效价等进行了系统研究,并进行了一定范围的口服免疫应用试验。     

豫北地区主要淡水鱼类感染嗜水气单胞菌的流行病学调查

对豫北地区嗜水气单胞菌引起的细菌性败血病进行流行病学调查,分离鉴定致病性嗜水气单胞菌菌株,并对致病性嗜水气单胞菌菌株进行毒力验证和药敏试验。采集4个养殖场病鱼标本及水样,每月进行流行病学调查,利用生理生化及分子生物学方法检测嗜水气单胞菌的分布状况。结果显示,筛选出52株为嗜水气单胞菌,其中32株为致病性嗜水气单胞菌,20株为非致病性嗜水气单胞菌,且致病性嗜水气单胞菌主要分布在7—9月份,毒力验证试验表明,32株致病性菌株的毒力大小差异明显,筛选出强毒株XDMG(4),为后期试验的疫苗株做准备;药敏试验表明,不同菌株对同一种药物的药敏结果不同,但大部分药物的药敏结果基本一致,70%以上的致病性菌株对头孢哌酮、氟本尼考、菌必治、阿米卡星等抗菌药物表现为高度敏感,对青霉素类药物表现为高度耐药性,耐药率达100%,对氨基糖苷类(不包括阿米卡星)、磺胺类、四环素等药物呈现不同程度的耐药性,具有多重耐药性。本试验旨在丰富本地区的鱼类细菌性败血病的病原资料,并为该菌引起的人类疾病的防控提供科学依据。     

Effects of dietary supplementation with probiotic live yeast Debaryomyces hansenii on the immune and antioxidant systems of leopard grouper Mycteroperca rosacea infected with Aeromonas hydrophila

Two trials were conducted to determine the efficacy of fish fed live yeast Debaryomyces hansenii strain CBS 8339 on immune and antioxidant systems in leopard grouper Mycteroperca rosacea infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Juveniles (12±0.5 g) were fed with a control diet or a D. hansenii‐supplemented diet (10⁶ colony‐forming units per gram) for 5 weeks. The live weight of fish was registered on a weekly basis. After 4 weeks, fish from each treatment were immunocompromised with pathogenic A. hydrophila and further fed for 1 week in order to evaluate the effect on immunological and antioxidant parameters. Generally, the results showed enhanced growth performance in fish fed the diet containing yeast compared with the control. Addition of live yeast had no significant effect on the immunological parameters after 4 weeks of feeding. However, post infection with A. hydrophila fish fed the yeast‐supplemented diet resulted in a significant increase in the levels of plasmatic immunoglobulin M. Superoxide dismutase and catalase (CAT) activities were significantly higher in the yeast group. In this fish, CAT and heat shock protein 70 genes were up‐regulated before and after infection of A. hydrophila. The present study is the first one reporting that yeast (D. hansenii) can enhance immunity and resistance against A. hydrophila.     

Bacillus subtilis CK3 used as an aquatic additive probiotics enhanced the immune response of crayfish Procambarus clarkii against newly identified Aeromonas veronii pathogen

To identify the aetiology of the disease outbreak in cultured Procambarus clarkii, a dominant bacteria strain from the diseased crayfish hepatopancreas was isolated. It was identified as Aeromonas veronii based on biochemical identification and 16S rDNA sequencing. The symptoms of artificially infected crayfish were similar to those of naturally infected P. clarkii. The A. veronii was sensitive to norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime, cefuroxime and ceftriaxone antibiotics, while resistant to penicillin, ampicillin, oxacillin and piperacillin. Virulence genes such as the enterotoxin genes (act, alt and ast) and haemolytic toxin genes (hlyA and aerA) were detected. After A. veronii infection, the connections between some liver tubules disappeared, the vacuoles appeared in the brush border and the mitochondria were enlarged. The antagonistic action of previous identified B. subtilis CK3 against A. veronii was also detected. The supernatant of B. subtilis CK3 exhibits a significant bactericidal effect on A. veronii. After B. subtilis CK3 immersion, the antioxidant enzymes and immune-related enzyme activities in hepatopancreas were significantly higher than control. The accumulative mortality caused by infection of A. veronii can be significantly reduced by adding B. subtilis CK3 into the aquatic water. These results demonstrated that B. subtilis CK3 could act as a water additive to improve the immune response of P. clarkii against newly identified A. veronii. The present study will provide a new way for the prevention and control of crayfish bacterial diseases and also provide technical support for the healthy cultivation of P. clarkii.     

5种中草药的不同溶剂提取物对嗜水气单胞菌抑菌活性的研究

为探讨不同有机溶剂对常用中草药的提取效果及其提取物对水产常见病原菌的抑菌活性,以50%乙醇、无水乙醇、氯仿、甲醇、丙酮、乙酸乙酯和石油醚为提取溶剂,根据水浴旋转蒸发器回流提取工作原理,分别对五倍子、乌梅、诃子、大黄和五味子等5种中草药进行固液萃取,并用其提取物对水产高致病性病原菌嗜水气单胞菌（Aeromonas hydrophila）进行体外抑杀菌试验。结果表明：50%乙醇、无水乙醇、甲醇对5种中草药的提取效果优于其他4种溶剂,尤以甲醇的提取效果最佳,其提取率分别为五倍子46.09%、乌梅27.58%、诃子29.55%、大黄50.34%、五味子30.88%;提取效果最差的是石油醚,其提取率分别为五倍子1.98%、乌梅1.73%、诃子2.21%、大黄0.89%、五味子3.40%。体外抑菌试验结果显示,嗜水气单胞菌对五倍子的3种醇提物均表现为极度敏感,对大黄的甲醇提取物表现为高度敏感,对五倍子、大黄和五味子的氯仿提取物以及对乌梅、大黄和五味子的石油醚提取物呈低度敏感,对五倍子的丙酮提取物等共25种提取物表现为中度敏感;五倍子、大黄的醇提物对供试菌的抑杀菌效果明显优于其他3种中草药的任何一种...     

Infection routes of Aeromonas salmonicida in rainbow trout monitored in vivo by real‐time bioluminescence imaging

Recent development of imaging tools has facilitated studies of pathogen infections in vivo in real time. This trend can be exemplified by advances in bioluminescence imaging (BLI), an approach that helps to visualize dissemination of pathogens within the same animal over several time points. Here, we employ bacterial BLI for examining routes of entry and spread of Aeromonas salmonicida susbp. salmonicida in rainbow trout. A virulent Danish A. salmonicida strain was tagged with pAKgfplux1, a dual‐labelled plasmid vector containing the mutated gfpmut3a gene from Aequorea victoria and the luxCDABE genes from the bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens. The resulting A. salmonicida transformant exhibited growth properties and virulence identical to the wild‐type A. salmonicida, which made it suitable for an experimental infection, mimicking natural conditions. Fish were infected with pAKgfplux1 tagged A. salmonicida via immersion bath. Colonization and subsequent tissue dissemination was followed over a 24‐h period using the IVIS spectrum imaging workstation. Results suggest the pathogen's colonization sites are the dorsal and pectoral fin and the gills, followed by a progression through the internal organs and an ensuing exit via the anal opening. This study provides a tool for visualizing colonization of A. salmonicida and other bacterial pathogens in fish.     

Effect of Ocimum sanctum Linn. (Tulsi) extract on the immunity and survival of Labeo rohita (Hamilton) infected with Aeromonas hydrophila

A 60 days study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of water extract of Ocimum sanctum Linn. leaf on the immune response and disease resistance of Labeo rohita fingerlings against the Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Ocimum sanctum extract was incorporated in the diets (at 0.0%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.5% and 1%) of Labeo rohita, rohu fingerlings (6.6 ± 0.013 g). After 42 days blood, plasma and serum were sampled to determine super oxide anion production, lysozyme activity, total immunoglobulin in plasma, blood glucose, serum total protein, albumin, globulin, albumin:globulin ratio, WBC, RBC, haemoglobin content. Fish were challenged with A. hydrophila after 42 days and mortalities were recorded over 18 days post infection. The results demonstrate enhanced super oxide anion production, lysozyme activity, total immunoglobulin in plasma, serum total protein, globulin, total RBC counts, total WBC counts and haemoglobin content (P < 0.05) in treatments group compared with control group. Dietary O. sanctum extracts of 0.2% showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher protection relative percentage survival (RPS 40.00 ± 5.773%) against A. hydrophila infection than control. These results indicate that O. sanctum leaf extract stimulates the immunity and makes L. rohita more resistant to bacterial infection (A. hydrophila).     

不同佐剂对大鲵嗜水气单胞菌灭活疫苗的免疫效果

为了探究添加蜂胶佐剂、弗氏佐剂和铝胶佐剂后对大鲵（Andrias davidianus）嗜水气单胞菌（Aeromonas hydrophila）灭活疫苗的免疫效果,取已制备好的大鲵嗜水气单胞菌灭活疫苗,分别加入3种佐剂,充分混匀后制备成含菌量为1×108 CFU/mL的佐剂疫苗,通过腹腔注射免疫健康大鲵(平均体长40 cm、平均体质量85 g）,每尾1 mL,并设不加佐剂组和对照组;分别于免疫后第1、4、7、14、21、28、35天尾静脉采血,利用凝集反应检测血清抗体效价,于免疫后第35天进行攻毒感染试验。结果表明,与对照组相比,蜂胶佐剂组抗体效价于免疫后第1～14天呈上升趋势,第21天达最高,为1: 469.33,弗氏佐剂组于免疫后第1～28天呈上升趋势,第35天达到最大值,为1: 448.00,随后呈下降趋势;铝胶佐剂组抗体效价于免疫后第1～21天呈上升趋势,第28天达到最大值,为1: 362.67,不加佐剂组于免疫后第21天达最高,为1: 384.00,随后呈下降趋势,而对照组基本稳定在1:4.00。攻毒感染试验表明,蜂胶佐剂组、弗氏佐剂组、铝胶佐剂组和不加佐剂组的死亡率为10%、20%、25%和35%,相对免疫保护率分别为88.9%、77.8%、72.2%和61.1%,对照组大鲵死亡率为90%;3种佐剂疫苗均有较好的免疫保护效果,其中以蜂胶佐剂疫苗效果最佳。     

不同来源嗜水气单胞菌耐药基因检测

采用PCR方法,对分离于唐山和秦皇岛养殖场的宽体金线蛭(Whitmania pigra)、中国林蛙(Rana temporaria chensinensis)、牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)、草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellua)、青鱼(Mylopharyngodon piceus)以及鲤(Cyprinus carpio)肝脏的42株不同水产养殖动物的致病性嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)进行了4种耐药基因β-内酰胺类(TEM)、氨基糖苷类(ant(3″)-I)、磺胺类(Sul3)和四环素类(tet(A))的检测。结果表明:42株嗜水气单胞菌均100%携带TEM、ant(3″)-I和Sul3,不携带tet(A)。所检不同水产动物源嗜水气单胞菌均携带TEM、ant(3″)-I及Sul3耐药基因,从分子层面表明该致病菌多重耐药或潜在耐药严重。     

患病蝶尾金鱼维氏气单胞菌温和生物变种的分离鉴定

研究从患病蝶尾金鱼(Butterfly)肝脏中分离获得的1株病菌,为金鱼疾病防治提供参考。分离纯化获得1株细菌,编号为DW-1,通过细菌形态观察、理化特性、16S rDNA序列分析等方法进行鉴定。结果表明DW-1菌株为革兰氏阴性短杆菌,可发酵葡萄糖产气,赖氨酸脱羧酶、硝酸盐还原等为阳性;进一步通过PCR方法扩增16S rDNA序列,测得长度为1 385 bp,与维氏气单胞菌(Aeromonas veronii)相似性为99%~100%;构建系统发育树与维氏气单胞菌温和生物变种(A.veronii biovar sobria)模式菌株ATCC9071聚为一支。最终鉴定该菌株为维氏气单胞菌温和生物变种。人工感染试验结果表明,对斑马鱼半数致死量(LD_(50))为1.17×10~6CFU/m L。药敏试验结果显示该菌株对头孢克肟、头孢哌酮、链霉素、恩诺沙星、诺氟沙星、左氟沙星、复方新诺明等23种药物敏感。