Cd/Cu/Pb对磺胺嘧啶在土壤中吸附迁移的影响

通过室内批平衡实验和土柱出流实验,探讨了不同浓度镉(Cd)及相同浓度的Cd、铜(Cu)、铅(Pb)对磺胺嘧啶在土壤中吸附、迁移的影响,并分别用Freundlich、Langmuir、Linear方程及Hydrus-1D中的单点和两点吸附模型模拟其在土壤中的吸附、运移过程。结果表明:当Cd浓度为10.0mg·kg~(-1)时促进磺胺嘧啶的吸附;Cd浓度为1.0、300.0mg·kg~(-1)时抑制磺胺嘧啶吸附;Cd浓度为100.0 mg·kg~(-1)时对磺胺嘧啶的吸附无影响;300 mg·kg~(-1)的Cd、Cu、Pb存在时,磺胺嘧啶吸附量大小顺序为:CdCuPb。土柱出流实验中,当Cd浓度为10.0mg·kg~(-1)时,磺胺嘧啶在土柱中的迁移速度最慢,其他浓度对迁移影响不明显;Cd、Cu、Pb相比较而言,Cu存在时磺胺嘧啶的迁移最快,Cd存在时迁移最慢。在对静态吸附特征的拟合过程中,Linear方程拟合效果最好,决定系数R~2均在0.98以上;Hydrus-1D模拟时,两点模型可更好地拟合磺胺嘧啶的运移特征,R~20.907,均方根误差RMSE0.051,瞬时吸附f所占分数较高,说明磺胺嘧啶在迁移过程中存在较大程度的瞬时吸附。     

改性活性炭吸附咪唑类离子液体的效果

[目的]通过氧化处理提高活性炭吸附量。[方法]活性炭的表面化学性质可以直接影响活性炭对离子液体的吸附,采用过氧化氢、硝酸、过硫酸铵氧化活性炭(F300),改变其表面的官能团含量,合成过氧化氢改性活性炭(HF300)、硝酸改性活性炭(NF300)、过硫酸铵改性活性炭(SF300),研究其对氯化1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑(Bmimcl)和氯化1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑(Omimcl)的吸附影响。[结果]HF300、NF300、SF300表面的含氧官能团显著增加;HF300、NF300、SF300中SF300对含亲水性阳离子的Bmimcl的吸附效果最佳且提升最为显著,吸附容量由TF300的0.19 mmol/g增加到0.29 mmol/g;HF300、NF300、SF300对含疏水性阳离子的Omimcl的吸附无明显变化。SF300对Bmimcl和Omimcl的吸附均符合Freundlich模型;SF300对Bmimcl和Omimcl的吸附符合准二级动力学,Bmimcl在SF300上的准二级动力学速率常数为0.016 3 g/(mg·min),Omimcl在SF300上的准二级动力学速率常数为0.002 2 g/(mg·min)。无机阳离子(Na~+,Ca~(2+))会抑制SF300对Bmimcl和Omimcl的吸附,且Ca~(2+)的抑制效果强于Na~+。SF300对Bmimcl和Omimcl的吸附量随pH的升高呈现出先升高后变低的变化趋势,对Bmimcl和Omimcl的吸附量分别在pH=7和5时达到最大。[结论]氧化处理可以提高活性炭的吸附量。     

四环素在典型土壤中的吸附行为·吸附动力学·热力学特征

[目的]研究四环素在典型土壤中的吸附行为及吸附动力学和热力学特征。[方法]采用平衡振荡法,研究了不同试验条件下3种典型土壤对四环素的吸附效能。[结果]黑土对四环素的吸附能力最高,其对应的饱和吸附量超过85.0 mg/g,黄土次之,而高岭土的吸附效能最低,仅11.6 mg/g。酸性pH条件和较高的土壤有机质含量有利于3种土壤对四环素的吸附,当土壤中有机质去除后整体吸附能力将下降15%。3种土壤对四环素的吸附是一个吸热过程。黑土对四环素吸附过程符合准一级反应动力学方程,而黄土和高岭土对四环素的吸附更符合准二级吸附动力学方程。黄土和高岭土对四环素的吸附满足Langmuir吸附等温式,即认为上述吸附主要归因于单分子层吸附;相对应的常用来表征竞争吸附的Freundlich方程更符合黑土对四环素的吸附。[结论]该研究可为揭示四环素在土壤中的吸附富集机理提供科学依据。     

生物炭与小球藻联合吸附重金属的效果

[目的]研究生物炭与小球藻对水体中重金属单独及联合吸附特性。[方法]以小麦秸秆生物炭和小球藻为吸附剂,进行了不同添加量的生物炭对Pb的吸附等温试验,小球藻对Pb等温吸附试验,以及生物炭和小球藻联合吸附Pb的等温吸附试验。[结果]生物炭与小球藻对Pb的等温吸附曲线均符合Langmuir方程。当生物炭添加量为50 mg/L时,吸附量最大,为203.339 mg/g;小球藻添加量为500 mg/L时最大吸附量为67.851 mg/g;生物炭和小球藻联合吸附的最大吸附量为79.144 mg/g。[结论]生物炭联合小球藻用于吸附Pb的最大吸附量高于单独吸附。     

石英砂-腐殖酸-Cupriavidus gilardii CR3复合体对铜离子的吸附特性及机理研究

[目的]研究pH、初始铜离子浓度和吸附时间对石英砂-腐殖酸-Cupriavidus gilardii CR3复合体吸附铜离子的影响。[方法]利用等温吸附模型和动力学模型拟合试验数据,通过测定复合体吸附铜离子前后的Zeta电位、扫描电子显微镜-能谱(SEM-EDS)和傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR),研究吸附剂对铜离子的吸附特性及机理。[结果]pH是影响吸附能力的主要因素,静电作用可使复合体表面负电荷增多,提高吸附量。在最适pH(5.0)下,复合体对铜离子的最大吸附量为13.08 mg/g。复合体对铜离子的吸附过程符合化学单分子吸附的Langmuir模型和二级动力学模型。[结论]该研究认为静电作用和单分子化学吸附是石英砂-腐殖酸-Cupriavidus gilardii CR3复合体吸附铜离子的主要机制。     

吸附法除磷研究进展

磷是造成水体富营养化的重要因子,也是废水处理领域较难解决的问题之一,环境矿物质对磷具有优越的吸附性能,而且储量丰富、成本低廉,在废水处理领域有广阔的应用前景。就环境矿物质对磷吸附研究的现状和发展进行了分析和介绍。     

纳豆激酶的亲和吸附工艺研究

采用静态吸附方法验证了大豆颗粒对纳豆激酶的亲和吸附特性,测定了其静态吸附动力学特性和吸附等温线以及一些吸附条件。结果表明:该亲和吸附等温线符合Langmiur方程,吸附动力学符合扩散方程;吸附的最佳缓冲液选择pH6.0、0.01 mol.L-1的PBS,在静态时选用大豆颗粒的最大吸附量为6351.58 IU.g-1,洗脱后收率达到81.30%,纯化倍数约30.23倍。初步推断大豆蛋白中含有与纳豆激酶特异性吸附的的配体结构。     

茶叶炭化物对有机污染物质吸附性能的研究

以茶叶粉为原料,在250-400℃下炭化制得茶叶炭化物。研究结果表明,随着炭化温度和保温时间的增加,炭化物的得率呈不断下降的趋势。随着温度的升高,氨和甲醛的吸附值呈现先升后降的趋势,在300℃时达到最大,而苯吸附值呈现不断上升的趋势。在实验条件下,保温时间的延长反而不利于炭化物对苯、甲醛、氨的吸附。     

Transport and adsorption of antibiotics by marine sediments in a dynamic environment

Background, aim, and scope  Bed sediments are the major sink for many contaminants in aquatic environments. With increasing knowledge of and research on the environmental occurrence of antibiotics, there has been growing interest in their behaviour and fate in aquatic environments. However, there is little information about the behaviour of antibiotics in a dynamic water/sediment environment, such as river and coastal marine water. Therefore, the aims of the present study were: (1) to study the transport and distribution of four common antibiotics between water and sediment in both dynamic and quiescent water/sediment systems and (2) to understand the persistence and possible degradation of the four antibiotics in the two different systems. Materials and methods  A lid-driven elongated annular flume, designed to reduce the centrifugal effect, was used to simulate a dynamic water environment. In addition, a quiescent water/sediment experiment was conducted for comparison with the dynamic water system. The seawater and sediment, used in both experiments of flowing and quiescent water/sediment systems, were collected from Victoria Harbour, a dynamic coastal environment in an urban setting. The four antibiotics selected in this study were ofloxacin (OFL), roxithromycin (RTM), erythromycin (ETM), and sulfamethoxazole (SMZ), the most commonly used antibiotics in South China. Results and discussion  Antibiotics in an overlying solution decreased very quickly in the flume system due to the sorption to suspended particles and surface sediment. There were significant differences in the adsorption of the four antibiotics in sediment. OFL showed a high tendency to be adsorbed by sediment with a high K _d value (2980 L/Kg), while the low K _d values of SMZ indicated that there was a large quantity in water. The four antibiotics reached a depth of 20–30 mm in the sediment over a period of 60 days in the flume system. However, the compounds were only found in surface sediment (above 10 mm) in the quiescent system, indicating the influence of the dynamic flume system on the distribution of antibiotics in sediment. OFL showed a moderate persistence in the dynamic flume system, while other three antibiotics had less persistence in sediment. However, all of the four compounds showed moderate persistence in the quiescent system. Recommendations and perspectives  The study showed the rapid diffusive transfer of antibiotics from water to sediment in the dynamic flume system. The four antibiotics exhibited larger differences in their adsorption to sediment in both dynamic and quiescent systems due to their different K _d values. The high sorption of antibiotics to marine sediment may reduce their availability to benthic invertebrates.     

Comparison of Gypsum and Sulfuric Acid for Sodic Soil Reclamation

In some field and laboratory studies , H2SO4 has shown better reclamation efficiency than gypsum, but the explanation for this has been debated. We tested the hypothesis that significant amounts of HCO might be formed during the reaction of HSO3 with CaCO3 leading to additional Ca2+ in solution and enhanced displacement of exchangeble Na +. To determine if H2SO4 is more efficient than gypsum , we compared four equivalent treatments of H2SO4 and gypsum on three soils and two clay minerals. Gypsum and H2SO4 were reacted with calcareous sodic soils and clay minerals in closed-system batch studies, with CO2 pressures typical of soil root zones. Column studies comparing two equivalent treatments of H2SO4 and gypsum were conducted on one of the soils and produced results comparable to the batch studies. Soluble ions, electrical conductivities (EC), and mineral saturation indices were determined and compared between treatments . Clay dispersion and average dispersed particle size were compared between amendments on bentonite . When H2SO4 was applied to calcite in the absence of exchangeable sodium (soil), the solution was fourfold oversaturated with respect to gypsum. This was not observed in the soils because the exchange phase of the soil was a sink for Ca2+. In the soils, there was significantly more HCO3 in all H2SO4 treatments, with an average of 8 % of the H+ applied producing H3CO3. The concentration of dispersed clay was significantly less in three of the four H2SO4 treatments on bentonite , while the mean particle diameter was significantly larger in two of the four treatments , suggesting better tactoid preservation . Compared to equivalent soil gypsum treat ments, H2SO4 generally caused (1) lower sodium adsorption ratios , (2) more soluble Ca 2+ and Mg2+, (3) lower pH , and (4) greater EC. In the calcareous sodic soils and clays we tested , it appears gypsum supersaturation , HCO3 production , lower pH , and higher EC frequently contributed to better reclamation with H2SO4.