Effects of road transportation on metabolic and immunological responses in Holstein heifers

This study examined the effects of road transportation on metabolic and immunological responses in dairy heifers. Twenty Holstein heifers in early pregnancy were divided into non‐transported (NT; n = 7) and transported (T; n = 13) groups. Blood was collected before transportation (BT), immediately after transportation for 100 km (T1) and 200 km (T2), and 24 h after transportation (AT). The T heifers had higher (P < 0.05) blood cortisol and non‐esterified fatty acid concentrations after T1 and T2 than did NT heifers. By contrast, the T heifers had lower (P < 0.05) serum triglyceride concentrations after T1 and T2 than had the NT heifers. The serum cortisol and triglyceride concentrations returned (P > 0.05) to the BT concentrations at 24 h AT in the T heifers. The granulocyte‐to‐lymphocyte ratio and the percentage of monocytes were higher (P < 0.05) after T2 in the T heifers than in the NT heifers, suggesting that transportation stress increased the numbers of innate immune cells. T heifers had higher (P < 0.01) plasma haptoglobin concentrations than NT heifers 24 h AT. In conclusion, transportation increased cortisol secretion and was correlated with increased metabolic responses and up‐regulation of peripheral innate immune cells in dairy heifers.     

饲料粉碎粒度和调质温度对肉鸡养分消化率及生长性能的影响

饲料制粒可以提高采食量和缩短采食时间,以提高肉鸡生长性能和饲料转化率.而原料的粉碎和调质是制粒过程中非常重要的环节,不仅直接影响到饲料的营养价值和肉鸡的消化吸收,还会影响加工成本和产品质量.粉碎粒度过大会导致混合不均匀、颗粒品质欠佳等不利影响,并且对动物的采食及采食后的物理性消化产生影响,粒度过小则会对动物健康产生不利影响.调质过程主要是使饲料受到水热作用,使其蛋白质变性、淀粉糊化等,调质温度是调质环节的关键参数,温度的高低对蛋白质变性及淀粉糊化程度有直接影响,从而间接影响到动物的生长性能和养分消化利用率.同时,调质温度过高会导致饲料中添加的酶制剂及维生素等严重失活,反而会降低饲料的营养价值.本文综述了肉鸡饲料粉碎粒度和调质温度的研究进展,阐述了粉碎粒度、调质温度与肉鸡生长性能和养分消化率的重要关系.     

酸奶及乳饮料中大肠杆菌变化趋势研究

[目的]为了探讨实际生产过程中酸奶和乳饮料感染大肠杆菌（E.coli）后的变化情况及影响因素。[方法]将大肠杆菌标准菌株接种至酸奶、乳饮料及培养基中,设置不同的储藏温度、pH,定期测定储藏过程中大肠杆菌含量变化情况。[结果]随着储藏时间延长,不同储藏温度（4℃和25℃）,不同pH(4.2和3.6)的酸奶和乳饮料中大肠杆菌含量均减少,相对于储藏于4℃的产品,储藏于25℃的产品中菌含量降低更快;当产品pH为3.6时,菌含量减少速率高于pH为4.2的产品。将大肠杆菌置于不同pH的培养基中培养,结果表明,当pH<3.8时,大肠杆菌的活性将会受到抑制,证明了pH对大肠杆菌的影响。[结论]本研究为实际生产加工过程中产品冷藏及脱冷条件下大肠杆菌的检验检测和产品质量控制提供理论依据和理论指导。     

浅圆仓仓顶自动喷水降温试验

为了缓解夏季高温对仓温及粮温的影响,对浅圆仓仓顶进行自动喷水降温试验,利用水的蒸发带走仓顶热量,以减少外热向仓内热传递,减缓仓温和粮温上升,从而延缓粮食陈化速度,保持粮食原有品质,确保储粮安全度夏,为最终实现绿色储粮创造有利条件。     

Salinity Effects on Germination of Artemisia herba–alba Asso: Important Pastoral Shrub from North African Rangelands

Artemisia herba–alba Asso (known in Arabic as Shih) is an evergreen aromatic shrub endemic in North African rangelands with high pastoral and medicinal relevance. The present work was designed to determine the effect of four soluble salts (NaCl, Na₂SO₄, MgCl₂, and CaCl₂) on germination of A. herba–alba seeds. Four concentrations (0, 50, 10, and 150 mM) of each salt were used to test the influence of salinities on germination percentage (GP), rate of germination (RG), and germination tolerance index (GTI %). The experiment was conducted in a controlled incubator with a 12h–photoperiod under 15°C dark/25°C light. The results showed that both GP and (RG) decreased significantly with salinity, and the highest GP was observed in the distilled water control (~ 80%). The germination tolerance index (GTI %) revealed that A. herba–alba seeds were more tolerant to CaCl₂ than other soluble salts. Comparatively, at high salt concentrations, MgCl₂ and Na₂SO₄ were generally the most toxic salts followed by NaCl and CaCl₂. The germination of A. herba–alba over a wide range of soluble salts suggests that this species can establish in salt-degraded soils. Therefore, this species appears a promising candidate for the rehabilitation of rangeland with saline soils.     

温度和盐分胁迫对野大麦种子萌发的影响

采用2种温度(恒温和变温)、5种盐分类型(NaCl、KCl、MgCl2、Na2SO4、MgSO4)、5种盐分浓度(0、100、200、300、400 mmol/L)研究了温度和盐分对野大麦Hordeum brevisubulatum种子萌发的影响.结果表明,同一盐分胁迫时,变温和恒温处理的野大麦种子初始萌芽率(解除盐分胁迫前的萌芽率)、恢复萌芽率(解除盐分胁迫后的萌芽率)、总萌芽率差异显著,变温有利于野大麦种子萌发.在同一温度和盐分类型处理下,野大麦种子初始萌芽率和总萌芽率随着盐分浓度的增大显著降低.不同盐分类型对野大麦种子的初始萌芽率、恢复萌芽率、总萌芽率差异显著.3种氯化盐对野大麦种子萌发的抑制作用大小依次为NaCl＞KCl＞MgCl2.氯化盐对野大麦种子萌发的抑制作用大于硫酸盐.方差分析结果表明,温度和盐分类型两者之间的交互作用对总萌芽率的差异不显著,而其他两者或三者的交互作用对初始萌芽率、恢复萌芽率、总萌芽率差异显著.     

不同温度下雌雄葎草营养生长期的生长特性

通过测定15、20、25 ℃培养条件下,雌雄葎草(Humulus scandens)单株营养生长期持续时间,根、茎、叶等构件数量性状及鲜质量、干质量和生物量分配等指标,分析温度对营养生长期雌雄葎草生长特性的影响。结果表明,温度对葎草营养生长持续期有极显著影响（P＜0.01）,雌株比雄株更易受影响;温度极显著影响根、茎、叶等构件数量性状及其鲜质量与干质量;温度极显著影响营养生长期雌、雄葎草单株的生物量总量及构成,雄株通过减少叶生物量、雌株通过增加根系生物量来为生殖生长提供物质基础。     

外源钙对干旱胁迫下木豆种苗生理特性的影响

通过模拟贵州岩溶地区土壤富钙的生境（CK和50 mmol·L^-1 CaCl₂）,以岩溶地区常见饲用灌木木豆（Cajanus cajan）为材料,研究外源钙对干旱胁迫（CK,5%,10%,20% PEG-6000）下木豆种子的萌发率、保护性酶活性（SOD,POD,CAT）及可溶性蛋白质和GSH含量的变化。结果表明：木豆种子萌发随着干旱胁迫的增强而呈显著线性下降趋势（P<0.01）,施加外源钙对其无显著影响;随着干旱胁迫的增强保护酶SOD和POD成指数关系,CAT成负二次关系;施加外源钙能显著提高低浓度干旱胁迫下木豆种子SOD和POD活性;可溶性蛋白质和GSH含量随着干旱胁迫的增强呈现指数和二次曲线关系,施加外源钙显著提高了木豆种子可溶性蛋白质和GSH含量（P<0.05）。表明外源钙的施加能缓解木豆种子受到的干旱伤害,提高木豆苗期抗旱性。