STUDIES ON DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSE OF SPRING CANOLA CULTIVARS TO BORON TOXICITY

Although many states recommend boron (B) fertilizer for many field crops, information about B toxicity of canola is lacking. This experiment was carried out at Central Anatolia, Turkey from 2002 to 2003, to determine genotypic range in B efficiency of eight spring canola cultivars, to identify the B-inefficient cultivars and to identify specific responses. The cultivars were grown under B moderate deficiency (extractable B 0.56 mg kg^?1) and toxic B applied (15 kg B ha^?1) conditions. According to the results, seed yield varied significantly among the cultivars and B application decreased the seed yield by 31% on average. Also, toxic B application reduced protein and oil contents similar to seed yield, and increased leaf B concentration in all varieties. This study has shown that leaf B concentration has increased considerably when B is applied to Pactol and Star cultivars, but seed yield of +B and ?B has not shown significantly a change. It is possible to say that Star and Pactol—which have not been affected by the toxic B application—are genotypes that are tolerant to B toxicity and may be cultivated at B toxic lands.     

Application of chromatographic method and high-frequency apparatus for determination of K and Na in soil extract

The amount of K and Na in HCI-extract of soils has been determined by various methods, using the flame photometer, and specific reagents, but none of these methods are fully satisfactory from a view point of cost or accuracy; Poul Porter et al.¹⁾ have pointed out the large errors that have frequently occured in tlamephotometry.     

Comparative toxicity of Al3+, Yb3+, and La3+ to root-tip cells differing in tolerance to high Al3+ in terms of ionic potentials of dehydrated trivalent cations

Abstract

Green manure legumes are often used to compare biomass production as well as nitrogen-fixing capacity. Mineral deficiency often limits the symbiotic nitrogen fixation of many legumes, thus limiting their productivity despite their high yielding potential (O’Hara et al. 1988; Flis et al. 1993). Leguminous species require large amounts of P for growth, nodulation, and nitrogen fixation. Consequently, they are often unable to grow in acid soils with low available P. The low P availability in tropical acid soils often arises from fixation of P by Al and Fe in soil. Generally, Al and Fe-phosphates are relatively unavailable to plants (McLachlan 1976; Ae et al. 1990).     

Varietal differences in the growth of rice plants in response to aluminum and silicon

Effects of Al (0–100 μM) and Si (0–2,000 μM) supplied singly or in combination on root growth of different rice varieties were examined under hydroponic conditions. Al addition inhibited root elongation of rice plants, and the inhibition increased with increasing amount of Al in the culture solution. Among 22 indica varieties and among 8 japonica varieties tested, IAC3 and Nakateshinsenbon were relatively tolerant to AI, respectively, whereas IR45 and Norinl were relatively sensitive to AI, respectively. Si exerted a beneficial effect at all levels of Si treatment on indica varieties, whereas Si supply resulted in a slight increase in the root dry weight of japonica varieties only at the highest level (2,000 μM Silo The alleviation of Al inhibition of rice root growth by Si was observed in the combination of Al and Si treatments. Alleviation was more pronounced for all the Si treatments in indica varieties than in japonica varieties, and the alleviation was maximum with 2,000 μM Si in IR45. The alleviation effect by Si was more pronounced in the AI-sensitive varieties than in the AI-tolerant varieties. The application of Si resulted in an increase in the contents of Al and Si in plants, and there was no relationship between the Al content and Al inhibition in plants.     

Effects of Cd on the fluxes of K+ and H+ in excised roots

As a result of Cd treatment, K concentrations decreased in Cd sensItive maize and kidney bean calli (Obata et al. 1994) and in intact roots of kidney bean plants (Obata et al. unpublished). Potassium may be extruded from the roots or the absorption of K may be depressed by the Cd treatment in these Cd sensitive plants. Obata et al. (1996) observed that Cd inhibited both the efflux of H⁺ and influx of K⁺ following K⁺ addition in intact roots of bean. Thus Cd may affect the activity of proteins essential to ion movement., i.e. ioncarriers, channels and ATPase embedded in the membranes and/or may affect the permeability of the lipids of the membrane.     

Effect of silicon on alleviation of manganese toxicity in pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch cv. Shintosa)

A series of experiments was conducted to investigate the mechanism of Siinduced alleviation of Mn toxicity in pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch cv. Shintosa) which has been used as a bloom-type stock for grafting cultivation of cucumbers. In the first experiment, the effect of Si on Mn toxicity in the Shintosa cultivar was compared with that in the Super unryu cultivar which is used as a bloomless-type stock. Without Si supply, growth depression occurred in both cultivars at the levels of 100 and 500 µM Mn in the nutrient solution. The alleviative effect of Si on the growth depression was observed more distinctly for the Shintosa cultivar than for the Super unryu cultivar, and the effect became more pronounced with increasing Si levels in the nutrient solution. Regardless of the Mn levels, addition of Si did not decrease the Mn content of the plants. The relative shoot growth was reduced to less than 80% when the molar ratio of Si/Mn in the shoots was lower than 4.5. In the second experiment, Mn and Si in the lower leaves of the Shintosa cultivar treated with different levels of Mn with and without Si supply were extracted with 10 mM Tris-HCI buffer (pH 7.4). At the levels of 100 and 250 µM Mn, the amounts of Mn in the buffer-insoluble fraction increased in the presence of Si supply and the buffer-soluble Mn accounted for less than 9% of the total Mn in the leaf. In addition, more than 84% of the total Si was found in the buffer-insoluble fraction at each Mn level. Distribution of Mn and Si on the surface of the lowerú leaves of the Shintosa cultivar treated with 250 µM Mn with and without Si supply was examined by electron probe X-ray microanalysis in the third experiment; Both Mn and Si accumulated at high concentrations around the base of the trichomes in the presence of Si supply. Without Si supply, Mn was detected around the necrotic brown lesions in addition to the base of the trichomes. These results suggested that in the Shintosa cultivar, Si alleviated the Mn toxicity through a localized accumulation of Mn with Si in a metabolically inactive form around the base of the trichomes on the leaf surface.     

Evaluation of aluminum tolerance of three barley cultivars by two short-term screening methods and field experiments

Productivity of cereal crops growing in acid soils of Southern Chile have adversely being affected by acidification and aluminum phytotoxicity. For overcoming such constraints, farmers need to apply heavy amounts of lime and/or use AI-tolerant plants especially with AI-sensitive crops, as barley is. The objectives of this study were to determine the degree of Al tolerance of . three barley cultivars commonly grown in volcanic soils by using two shortterm screening methods and to relate their rankings with field experiments. Additionally, the amounts of citric and malic acids exuded from roots were determined for studying the mechanism involved in Al tolerance. Relative root length (RRL) was the criterion used to evaluate Al tolerance both in nutrient solution and in soil-based culture and yield for field experiments. Results showed a close relationship between the RRL values obtained with the three barley cultivars by applying the two short-term screening methods. Barley yields obtained in field experiments carried out in two soils differing in Al contents agreed well with the ranking observed in the laboratory suggesting that the short-term screening methods could be a useful tool for knowing Al tolerance of cereals habitually cropped in our acidic volcanic soils. Citric and malic acids were detected mainly in the exudates from the most AI-tolerant barley which could indicate a chelation mechanism implied in such a tolerance.     

Cadmium‐induced changes in glutathione and phenolics of Thlaspi and Noccaea species differing in Cd accumulation

Glutathione (GSH) and phenolics play an important role in plant defense against metal‐ion toxicity. The antioxidant activity and metal‐binding capacity of these compounds can account for the protective effects. In contrast to animal‐cell models, however, the possible interplay among these substances in stress defense of plants is poorly investigated. This study compares the influence of cadmium (Cd) on the profiles of both soluble phenolics and GSH in shoots of different Thlaspi and Noccaea species: two ecotypes of the nonhyperaccumulator T. arvense differing in Cd resistance (ecotype Aigues Vives, Cd‐sensitive, and ecotype Jena, Cd‐resistant) and two Cd‐tolerant Cd‐Zn hyperaccumulators N. praecox and N. caerulescens (formerly Thlaspi praecox and T. caerulescens). To reveal the possible influence of Cd‐induced sulfur (S) shortage on the stress response, plants receiving normal S concentrations (500 μM MgSO₄) and plants treated with surplus S (500 μM MgSO₄ + 500 μM K₂SO₄) were analyzed. Our working hypothesis was that species differences in tolerance to high tissue Cd concentrations should be reflected by differences in endogenous levels of GSH and phenolic compounds. The results reveal clear species‐dependent differences in both the constitutive patterns and the Cd‐ and S‐induced changes in shoot concentrations of GSH and phenolics. However, no simple relationship between these shoot concentrations and Cd accumulation and tolerance can be established.     

5种药剂对枸杞棉蚜室内毒力及田间防效

为了明确5种药剂对枸杞棉蚜的适宜施药剂量,开展了室内毒力测定和田间药效试验。结果表明,1%甲维盐EC对枸杞棉蚜的毒力最高,50%噻虫嗪WG毒力最低,24 h LC50分别为2.44 mg/L和1 875.69 mg/L。5种药剂毒力大小依次为甲维盐＞啶虫脒＞吡蚜酮＞呋虫胺＞噻虫嗪。田间试验结果表明,随着施药时间的延长,5种药剂不同剂量处理的虫口数量均显著下降,施药后7 d,各处理对枸杞棉蚜防效分别达94.13%~99.84%,且各剂量处理均对枸杞树安全。5种药剂推荐使用剂量分别为:5%啶虫脒EC 25.0 mg/L以上,30%呋虫胺SC 50.0~100.0 mg/L,50%噻虫嗪WG 100.0~125.0 mg/L,25%吡蚜酮WP 83.3~125.0 mg/L,1%甲维盐EC 5.6~8.3 mg/L。     

“花菜－蚯蚓”种养模式对杂草发生的影响及除草剂对蚯蚓的急性毒性评价

为了摸清蚯蚓活动对杂草发生的影响以及除草剂对蚯蚓的急性毒性,2017年－2019年连续3年调查了“花菜－蚯蚓”种养模式下田间杂草物种数、总草密度和生物量,同时测定了17种除草剂对威廉环毛蚓的急性毒性。结果表明,与花菜单一种植模式相比,“花菜－蚯蚓”种养模式显著降低了田间杂草物种数、总草密度和生物量,减轻了杂草危害。不同除草剂对威廉环毛蚓的急性毒性存在较大的差异。采用滤纸法处理48 h,丙草胺、高效氟吡甲禾灵和噁唑酰草胺对威廉环毛蚓的急性毒性最高,LD50分别为1.1、1.8 μg/cm2和7.1 μg/cm2。其次为灭草松,LD50为70.3 μg/cm2。乙羧氟草醚、吡嘧磺隆、氰氟草酯、五氟磺草胺、硝磺草酮、嘧啶肟草醚和烟嘧磺隆对威廉环毛蚓的急性毒性相对较低,LD50均大于1 200 μg/cm2。采用人工土壤法处理14 d,灭草松对威廉环毛蚓的急性毒性最高,LD50为50.3 mg/kg。其次为二甲戊灵、草铵膦和丙草胺,LD50分别为111.9、137.4 mg/kg和169.5 mg/kg。双草醚、氰氟草酯、硝磺草酮和苯唑草酮对威廉环毛蚓的急性毒性相对较低,LD50均大于500 mg/kg。基于滤纸法和人工土壤法的测定结果,丙草胺、灭草松、噁唑酰草胺、高效氟吡甲禾灵、草铵膦和二甲戊灵对威廉环毛蚓具有相对较高的急性毒性,不建议用于“作物－蚯蚓”种养农田防除杂草。