Paraoxonase activity as a tool for clinical monitoring of dogs treated for canine leishmaniasis

This study was designed to determine if the activity of paraoxonase (PON1), an antioxidant enzyme that works as a negative acute phase reactant, is a better predictor for the clinical recovery of leishmaniotic dogs receiving standard treatments compared with inflammatory markers such as C reactive protein (CRP) and electrophoretic fractions. For this purpose we tested 20 healthy dogs (controls) and 39 leishmaniotic dogs classified as sick (group A, n = 23) or severely sick (group B, n = 16) and tested at admission and after 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days.At admission, CRP and electrophoresis were altered in both groups, while PON1 activity was abnormal only in group B. There were no differences related to the outcome (mortality, complications or time of recovery). PON1 activity normalized in about 2 weeks in dogs that had abnormal values at admission and a final positive outcome; CRP normalized in 4–6 weeks and electrophoretic fractions were still altered after 6 weeks. The results show that, at admission, inflammatory markers did not predict the outcome of leishmaniasis. PON1 activity decreased only in some dogs with systemic inflammation but not in those with mild leishmaniasis: when decreased, PON1 normalized earlier than other markers in dogs that responded to treatment. This finding most likely depends on the rapid decrease in oxidative phenomena. PON1 activity should therefore be tested on admission: if low values are recorded, severe inflammation may be suspected and PON1 measurement may be repeated during treatment to early identify responsive dogs.     

猪内源氨产生机制及其营养调控措施

猪内源氨产生过量对动物危害甚大,能引发多种炎症、抑制生长性能、降低免疫力、造成贫血和组织缺氧、丧失食欲,同时还能产生严重的环境污染。全面了解猪内源氨产生机制,并采取相应的营养调控减排措施从根本上减少氨的排放,对动物健康有着重要的意义。本文首先阐述了饲粮蛋白质降解产氨机制、肠道微生物产氨机制和谷氨酰胺的脱酰氨基作用产氨机制;然后从氨在肝脏和血液中循环过程解释其在体内的代谢过程;最后综述了目前国内外有关猪内源氨的营养调控措施,包括降低饲粮蛋白质水平、添加植物提取物和益生菌,以期为减少环境中氨的浓度及提高猪的生长性能提供理论依据。     

铜盐毒害对紫鸭跖草养分吸收和生长的影响

通过含有不同浓度CuSO4的Hoagland营养液培养紫鸭跖草枝条,研究了紫鸭跖草对铜的耐性和超积累以及铜胁迫下紫鸭跖草生长和营养状况.结果表明:紫鸭跖草根部铜的积累量低浓度Cu2 供应时增加幅度不大,高浓度Cu2 供应时增加幅度较大;茎部的情况与根部相似;但叶部在低浓度Cu2 供应时铜的积累量几乎没有变化,高浓度Cu2 供应时铜的积累量增幅较大.在500 μmol · L-1和1 000 μmol · L-1铜处理下,紫鸭跖草整株铜积累量分别为866 mg · kg-1(DW)和1 130 mg · kg-1(DW).紫鸭跖草对铜的吸收和转运效率与铜的供给量呈正相关性.100～250 μmol · L-1铜的供应能明显促进紫鸭跖草生长.高浓度铜促进了钾、钙的吸收而阻碍了锌的吸收及镁向地上部分的运输,尽管如此,氮、磷、钾、镁、钙的浓度均在满足常规植物正常生长的浓度范围内.铜胁迫下对根部蛋白质表达活跃,氨基酸含量增加.研究结果表明紫鸭跖草对铜有很大耐性和富集能力.     

江苏设施菜地控释氮肥一次性基施增效减排效果研究

江苏设施蔬菜集约化程度高,劳动力需求大,氮肥用量大,面源污染问题突出。控释氮肥在该地区集约化蔬菜上应用后的减量、增效和减排潜力尚缺乏研究。本研究通过连续三季田间试验,设置4个施肥处理:常规施尿素氮100%N(N1)、常规施尿素氮70%N(N2)、基肥一次性施氮70%N(N3,控释氮与尿素氮的比例为7∶3)、基肥和一次追肥70%N(N4,基肥氮为控释氮,追肥氮全部为尿素氮,控释氮与尿素氮的比例为7∶3),研究其对集约化花椰菜和番茄产量、环境效应和经济效益的影响。结果表明:与N1、N2和N4相比,N3处理的产量和利润每季均为最高,花椰菜和番茄平均产量分别达到86.4 t·hm~(-2)和87.0 t·hm~(-2),利润分别达到12.0万元·hm~(-2)和12.2万元·hm~(-2),氨挥发量最低,仅为4.4 kg N·hm~(-2)和9.3 kg N·hm~(-2),三季蔬菜种植后土壤中硝态氮的残留量最低。与N1处理相比,N3处理可使花椰菜和番茄分别平均增产3.7%和21.3%,分别增收10.7%和40.3%,并分别平均减少64.0%和46.9%氨挥发。基于此,在江苏设施蔬菜种植上,与常规(N1)相比,控释氮肥与尿素7∶3混合一次性基施,可减氮30%且增效减排效果显著,值得在生产上推广应用。     

铝毒和低磷胁迫对水稻幼苗生长·根系有机酸分泌的影响

[目的]为明确低磷、铝毒单独及复合胁迫下,不同水稻品种生理响应的差异。[方法]采用营养液培养试验,以秀水132(耐铝型)和甬优8号(铝敏感型)为材料,研究了各胁迫下幼苗干物质积累、光合能力和根系有机酸分泌量。[结果]低磷、铝毒胁迫下根系和地上部干重、叶绿素含量、光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均显著下降。低磷铝毒复合胁迫下幼苗干重及光合参数值均显著低于单一胁迫处理;酒石酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸和乙酸是根系各处理下分泌的主要有机酸。低磷、铝毒胁迫下根系乙酸、苹果酸和柠檬酸分泌量增加,复合胁迫时根系3种有机酸的分泌量高于单一胁迫处理。低磷、铝毒胁迫下水稻幼苗干重、光合能力及根系有机酸分泌存在显著的基因型差异。各胁迫下甬优8号植株干重和光合参数的下降幅度高于秀水132,而秀水132根系有机酸分泌量的增幅大于甬优8号。[结论]低磷铝毒复合胁迫引发水稻幼苗更严重的生理代谢抑制,以甬优8号表现更明显;复合胁迫下根系有机酸分泌量高于单一胁迫,以秀水132增幅更大。     

反渗透膜削减沼液氨氮工艺优化

为确定反渗透膜系统削减沼液氨氮的最佳反应条件,以氨氮去除率为评价指标,采用Plackett-Burman试验从影响氨氮去除率的4因素中筛选出运行压力、pH值和回收率3个显著影响因素,通过最陡爬坡试验逼近最大氨氮去除率区域,在此基础上,利用Box-Behnken响应面法对显著因素进行优化。结果表明:结合试验的可操作性,最优反应条件为:运行压力5.50 MPa,回收率76.00%,pH值7.70,氨氮的实际去除率可达96.13%。对去除率影响主次顺序为运行压力回收率pH值。运行压力和回收率、pH值和回收率,二者的交互作用均极显著,运行压力和pH值的交互作用显著。模型失拟项P=0.54410.05,表明失拟不显著,二次回归模型与实际情况拟合得很好,该研究可为深入了解反渗透膜削减沼液氨氮性能提供理论依据。     

新饲料添加剂N，O-羧甲基壳聚糖的急性毒性研究

【目的】研究N,O-羧甲基壳聚糖对鸡的急性毒性,评价该药的安全性;【方法】以最大浓度的N,O-羧甲基壳聚糖(10.5%),按20ml/(kg·bw)(2.1g/(kg·bw)/次)剂量24h内给鸡灌服;【结果】给药后连续观察7天,各组试验鸡全部存活,临床、剖检均未见到异常变化,测不出LD50,根据新药审批办法中关于急性毒性的要求,进行最大耐受量的测定。鸡灌服给予N,O-羧甲基壳聚糖的最大耐受量为10.5g/(kg·bw),相当于临床拟用量的3500倍;【结论】N,O-羧甲基壳聚糖毒副作用很小,临床可以安全应用。     

Nitrite Toxicity to the Razorback Sucker,Xyrauchen texanus,and the Bonytail,Gila elegans

ABSTRACT

Aquaculture for the purpose of supplementing natural recruitment is one approach used to assist the recovery of endangered fish populations. A common consequence of high-density culture is the accumulation of nitrite in the water. Razorback suckers (Catastomidae; Xyrauchen texanus) survived a 72-hour exposure to 25 mg/L nitrite-N. Bonytails (Cyprinidae; Gila elegans) died within 48 hours of exposure to 10 mg/L and 25 mg/L nitrite-N. A chloride:nitrite ratio of 5 (as either calcium chloride or sodium chloride) protected bonytail from nitrite toxicity. This study provides some basic knowledge that can be applied to the culture of these two endangered species and raises some interesting questions about the nature of nitrite toxicity and inhibition of toxicity in these two species.     

3种有机溶剂及其混合物对蛋白核小球藻时间毒性的探究

已有研究表明部分污染物的毒性具有时间依赖性。以蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)为指示生物,透明96孔微板为实验载体,以3种有机溶剂甲醇(Meth)、乙醇(Eth)、二甲基亚砜(DMSO)及其不同体积比的混合物为研究对象,应用时间毒性微板分析法(简称t-MTA)系统测定有机溶剂及其混合物在0、12、24、48、72和96 h对C.pyrenoidosa的毒性效应。结果表明,有机溶剂对C.pyrenoidosa具有明显的时间依赖毒性特征,但不同有机溶剂毒性的大小不同,随时间增长速率不同,毒性大小顺序亦随时间发生变化;有机溶剂混合物也具有明显的时间依赖毒性特征,不同比例有机溶剂混合物在不同暴露时间的毒性差异不明显,但不同比例有机溶剂混合物毒性随时间的变化规律不同,在0~24 h,体积比为1:1、1:2和1:3混合物的毒性缓慢增加,2:1、3:1混合物的毒性迅速增加;在24~48 h,1:1、1:2和1:3混合物的毒性迅速增加,2:1和3:1混合物的毒性增加速率减缓;48~96h内5种比例混合物的毒性增加速率均减缓;有机溶剂混合物对蛋白核小球藻的毒性变化规律受体积比较大的组分影响。     

Effects of crushed conspecifics on growth and survival of Penaeus monodon Fabricius post larvae

In the present study, the hypothesis tested was that Penaeus monodon post‐larvae (PL) experience lower growth when exposed to crushed conspecifics, which was achieved by exposing individual P. monodon PL with abundant food for 4 weeks to a gradient from 0 to 100 crushed conspecific PL L^?1. Both dry weight (48.5±7.2 mg) and body size (28.0±1.3 mm) of animals exposed to 1 macerated PL L^?1 were significantly (P≤0.011) higher than those of animals in treatments with 0, 5 and 10 crushed PL L^?1 (average over treatments: 25.6±3.2 mg; 23.4±0.5 mm). All animals died within 1 week when exposed to 70 and 100 crushed PL L^?1, and within 3–4 weeks when exposed to 50 and 30 crushed PL L^?1. Exposure time affected mortality and it appeared that LC₅₀ values decreased from 60 to 13 crushed PL L^?1 from 1 to 4 weeks' exposure. Survival of P. monodon PL was negatively correlated to pH, biological oxygen demand, ammonia and nitrate. In conclusion, low dose of crushed conspecifics has a stimulatory effect on P. monodon PL, as larvae were heavier and larger, while high doses cause high mortality.