美国农产品产地直销支持政策对中国的启示

美国2014农业法案,在营养援助计划、信贷支持、农村发展和园艺支持计划中增加了一些新的支持产地和区域农产品直销的政策和规定.通过对“农民-消费者”和“农场-厂商”包括机构、学校、农场地零售店、餐厅等食品销售渠道的支持,旨在加强消费者与本地和地区食品市场的连接.在整理美国新农业法案对产地和区域食物直销支持政策内容的基础上,对其影响进行评价,进而结合目前我国农产品直销支持政策存在的问题提出其对我国的启示.     

Evaluating the Relative Roles of Ecological Regions and Land-cover Composition for Guiding Establishment of Nutrient Criteria

The continuing degradation of United States surface waters by excessive nutrient loads has motivated the establishment of nutrient criteria for streams, lakes, and estuaries as a means to protect aquatic resources. Nutrient criteria have been established based on ecoregional differences, recognizing that geographic variation in climate, topography, geology, and land use require use of different criteria values for different regions of the continental United States. Several studies have demonstrated that land-cover composition also strongly influences nutrient concentrations and yields. We examined the relative importance of ecoregions and watershed land-cover composition in explaining variability in nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations by re-analyzing the National Eutrophication Survey (NES) data reported by Omernik (1977). The variance of N concentrations among land-cover composition classes within ecoregions was six times larger than the variance among ecoregions. For P concentrations, land-cover composition within ecoregions accounted for three times more variance than ecoregions themselves. Variance across ecoregions was only weakly significant after accounting for variance in land-cover composition within ecoregions. The results suggest that the relationship between land-cover composition and nutrient concentrations in aquatic systems should also be used to help guide establishment of nutrient criteria.     

Managing non‐target,data‐poor species using catch limits: lessons from the Alaskan groundfish fishery

Abstract The 2006 reauthorisation of the Magnuson‐Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act requires annual catch limits for all target and non‐target species within federally managed fisheries in the United States. In Alaska, both target and non‐target species in the Alaska groundfish fisheries have been managed using catch limits since the early 1990s. Non‐target species that are caught incidentally in a fishery require monitoring to ensure that the population is not negatively impacted by commercial fishing. Resource assessment scientists have been challenged with obtaining sufficient data to recommend an acceptable catch level for management of these species. This paper reviews three case studies where a catch limit is determined for non‐target species when certain data are limited: (1) varying levels of biomass and catch data for all species within a species group or complex; (2) adequate catch data but no biomass data; (3) emerging target fishery of data‐poor species, plus an example of how a complex of ecosystem component species is managed.     

雷斯法修正案实施后中国企业的应对策略

解读了美国雷斯法2008年修正案的主要特点、实施阶段和处罚细则, 分析了法案本身存在的制度缺陷、道德风险和贸易影响等问题, 提出了企业完善内部管理增强应对力和借助外部环境提高竞争力的应对策略, 对于中国企业迎接各种挑战、促进林产品可持续贸易和推动林业产业健康发展有重要参考意义。     

《雷斯法案》修正案对中美木质家具出口影响及对策分析

首先分析美国<雷斯法案>修正案的历史沿革、出台的背景以及修订的主要内容;接着从中美木质家具贸易现状出发,研究<雷斯法案>修正案对中美木质家具出口的影响,指出由于出口难度加大、出口成本提高和贸易保护主义等原因,将减少我国木质家具出口.在此基础上,文章最后针对我国家具出口企业如何应对挑战提出了一些合理化建议.     

我国食品安全中存在的信息不对称及其对策探究

我国食品安全过程存在着因多头监管导致的"政府失灵"和由于信息不对称引起的"市场失灵"的问题。多头监管现状由于受体制限制,改革成本高,且短期内收效甚微。以解决信息不对称入手,提出从制定《食品安全指南》,出台《食品安全信息管理条例》,建立国家食品安全信息网,以及引入"吹哨法案"等解决"市场失灵"问题,以期市场本身能够为消费者提供安全、优质的食品。     

我国食品企业应对《美国FDA食品安全现代化法案》的策略

讨论了《美国FDA食品安全现代化法案》对输入美国的食品所做的监管新规定,分析了中国食品出口企业面临的困难和挑战,并提出了相应的应对策略。这对于食品出口企业具有一定的借鉴和指导意义。     

美国农产品产地直销支持政策对中国的启示

美国2014农业法案,在营养援助计划、信贷支持、农村发展和园艺支持计划中增加了一些新的支持产地和区域农产品直销的政策和规定。通过对"农民-消费者"和"农场-厂商"包括机构、学校、农场地零售店、餐厅等食品销售渠道的支持,旨在加强消费者与本地和地区食品市场的连接。在整理美国新农业法案对产地和区域食物直销支持政策内容的基础上,对其影响进行评价,进而结合目前我国农产品直销支持政策存在的问题提出其对我国的启示。     

农民工行使选举权的现状与对策分析

对农民工行使选取权的现状进行了深入地分析,指出导致农民工选举权搁浅的原因是因为现行户籍制度的束缚、现行选举法的滞后性和不可操作性以及农民工自身参政意识的薄弱。针对这些因素,提出改革现行户籍制度、推进选举法的修改和完善、通过各种渠道加强农民工的参政意识等对策。