甜玉米小斑病抗性的遗传分析与主效QTL定位

为培育抗病品种,利用抗小斑病甜玉米自交系T14和感小斑病自交系T18为亲本配制杂交组合,对玉米抗小斑病性状进行遗传分析和抗病基因分子标记定位,用主基因＋多基因混合遗传模型和P₁、P₂、F₁、B₁、B₂、F₂ 6世代联合分析的方法对单位叶面积病斑数量进行遗传分析,并应用复合区间作图法检测抗小斑病QTL。结果表明,单位叶面积病斑数量受2对加性-显性-上位性主基因控制,自交系T14的抗病性在各个分离世代都以主基因遗传为主。在第4染色体上检测到4个相互连锁的小斑病抗性QTL,解释表型变异的7.7%、30.9%、14.8%和11.5%;在第6染色体上定位了1个抗病QTL,可解释表型变异的37.7%。检测到的小斑病抗性主效QTL位于第4和第6染色体的特征与2对主基因的遗传模型相吻合。     

Callose and β‐1,3‐glucanase inhibit Phytophthora cinnamomi in a resistant avocado rootstock

Phytophthora root rot (PRR) of avocado, caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi, is a significant threat to sustainable production wherever the crop is grown. Resistant rootstocks in combination with phosphite applications are the most effective options for managing this disease. Recently, the mechanisms underpinning PRR resistance have been investigated by the avocado community. Here, biochemical assays and confocal and scanning electron microscopy were used to investigate early defence responses in PRR resistant and ‐susceptible avocado rootstocks. Zoospore germination and subsequent hyphal growth for the pathogen were significantly inhibited on the surface of resistant avocado roots. When penetration occurred in the resistant R0.06 rootstock, callose was deposited in the epidermal cells, parenchyma and cortex of roots. In addition, β‐1,3‐glucanase was released early (6 h post‐inoculation, hpi) in response to the pathogen, followed by a significant increase in catalase by 24 hpi. In contrast, susceptible R0.12 roots responded only with the deposition of lignin and phenolic compounds incapable of impeding pathogen colonization. In this study, PRR resistance was attributed to a timely multilayered response to infection by P. cinnamomi.     

不同抗逆诱导剂对水稻细胞PBZ 1 基因表达的影响

以水稻品种中花8号的悬浮细胞为试材,分别研究了真菌激发子和盐激发子对用稻瘟灵(IPT)和脱落酸(ABA)预处理24 h的水稻悬浮细胞中PBZ 1 基因表达的影响。结果发现:单独用IPT、ABA处理可以诱导细胞中PBZ 1 基因表达;只用真菌激发子和盐激发子处理的细胞中也可以检测到PBZ 1 基因的表达,但两种激发子对PBZ 1 基因表达的影响不同,在真菌激发子处理后的0~3 h之间PBZ 1 基因表达逐渐增强,而在盐激发子处理后的0~3 h之间则呈现逐渐减弱的趋势,到第3 h就检测不到了;用IPT预处理24 h后,再分别用真菌激发子和盐激发子诱导,水稻细胞中PBZ 1 基因表达强度都显著高于单独用IPT处理的细胞,而且在处理后的第0.5~3 h期间一直保持较强的表达;ABA＋盐激发子处理使细胞中PBZ 1 基因表达推迟且短暂,只在处理后第1~2 h之间可检测到,ABA＋真菌激发子处理使细胞中PBZ 1 基因在0.5~3 h期间一直保持较强的表达,明显强于单独用ABA处理的细胞。可见,IPT和ABA都可以诱导抗病基因PBZ 1 的表达,PBZ 1 基因也可由盐激发子诱导表达,说明PBZ 1 基因对除病害以外的非生物逆境也有积极的作用。     

Efficacy of statistical process control procedures to identify deviations in continuously measured physiological and behavioral variables in beef heifers resulting from an experimentally combined viral–bacterial challenge

The objective of this experiment was to determine if statistical process control (SPC) procedures coupled with remote continuous data collection could accurately differentiate between animals experimentally inoculated with a viral–bacterial (VB) challenge or phosphate buffer solution (PBS). Crossbred heifers (N = 38; BW = 230 ± 16.4 kg) were randomly assigned to treatments by initial weight, average daily gain (ADG), bovine herpes virus 1, and Mannheimia haemolytica serum titers. Feeding behavior, dry matter intake (DMI), animal activity, and rumen temperature were continuously monitored remotely prior to and following VB challenge. VB-challenged heifers exhibited decreased (P < 0.01) ADG and DMI, as well as increased (P < 0.01) neutrophils and rumen temperature consistent with a bovine respiratory disease (BRD) infection. However, none of the heifers displayed overt clinical signs of disease. Shewhart and cumulative summation (CUSUM) charts were evaluated, with sensitivity and specificity computed on the VB-challenged heifers (n = 19) and PBS-challenged heifers (n = 19), respectively, and the accuracy was determined as the average of sensitivity and specificity. To address the diurnal nature of rumen temperature responses, summary statistics (mean, minimum, and maximum) were computed for daily quartiles (6-h intervals), and these quartile temperature models were evaluated separately. In the Shewhart analysis, DMI was the most accurate (95%) at deciphering between PBS- and VB-challenged heifers, followed by rumen temperature (94%) collected in the 2nd and 3rd quartiles. Rest was most the accurate accelerometer-based traits (89%), and meal duration (87%) and bunk visit (BV) frequency (82%) were the most accurate feeding behavior traits. Rumen temperature collected in the 3rd quartile signaled the earliest (2.5 d) of all the variables monitored with the Shewhart, followed by BV frequency (2.8 d), meal duration (2.8 d), DMI (3.0 d), and rest (4.0 d). Rumen temperature and DMI remained the most accurate variables in the CUSUM at 80% and 79%, respectively. Meal duration (58%), BV frequency (71%), and rest (74%) were less accurate when monitored with the CUSUM analysis. Furthermore, signal day was greater for DMI, rumen temperature, and meal duration (4.4, 5.0, and 3.7 d, respectively) in the CUSUM compared to Shewhart analysis. These results indicate that Shewhart and CUSUM charts can effectively identify deviations in feeding behavior, activity, and rumen temperature patterns for the purpose of detecting sub-clinical BRD in beef cattle.     

我国12个地区草莓叶螨种类分子鉴定及遗传多样性

为明确草莓上的叶螨种类及其遗传多样性,以便准确有效地指导草莓叶螨防治。本研究选取我国12个代表性的地区,采集草莓上的叶螨。采样范围覆盖了我国华北、华中、华东和西南的草莓产区。扩增和测定线粒体cox1基因部分序列,将所获得的序列通过BLAST与GenBank数据库中的序列进行比对,确定叶螨种类,并对cox1基因序列的多样性进行分析。测序获得了长度为632bp的cox1基因片段。BLAST比对结果和系统发育分析表明,来自我国12个地区的91个样品均为二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae。遗传多样性分析发现我国草莓上二斑叶螨的cox1基因有2种单倍型,其中11个地区仅存在1种单倍型,北京昌平检测到2种单倍型。两种单倍型之间有1个核苷酸的同义突变。本研究表明,二斑叶螨为这些地区草莓上唯一的叶螨种类,种群内遗传多样性非常低。研究结果对于制定草莓上叶螨的防治策略具有指导意义。     

遗传算法优化神经网络的坡面入渗产流模型

引入遗传算法优化BP神经网络权重和阈值的方法建立黄土坡面产流入渗模型.模型以雨强、降雨历时、表层40 cm土壤前期含水量、坡度值为输入项,径流量、入渗量为输出项,用实测资料对网络进行模拟和预测.模拟结果平均误差6.32%和1.93%,预测结果平均误差为5.71%和1.92%.并与传统BP神经网络模型和定雨强Philip...     

蝴蝶兰不同品种表型性状遗传多样性分析

以72份蝴蝶兰品种为研究对象,对其叶片、花梗和花器官相关的34个表型性状进行测定与评价,通过表型多样性分析、聚类分析和主成分分析等方法,探讨其种质资源表型性状的遗传多样性。结果表明：72份蝴蝶兰品种的绝大多数性状呈现变异丰富、类型多样的特性,数量性状遗传多样性变异范围为16.39%～157.36%,质量性状Shannon−Wiener多样性指数范围为0.38～1.32,其中叶片的数量性状变异程度较低,但其质量性状的多样性水平较高;R型聚类分析将34个性状分为3个大类,第I类群包含了花部和叶部性状,表明花与叶的表型联系较紧密,第II类群和第III类群包含花序长、最长叶长、植株大小和花序梗长,表明这4个表型性状呈独自进化关系; Q型聚类分析将72份蝴蝶兰种质资源分为4大类,其中第II类可细分为7个亚类群,II−1、II−2亚类群可作为大花和中花育种的亲本,II−3、II−4、II−5和II−7亚类群可作为小花育种的亲本,II−4亚类群可作为香花育种的亲本,同时蝴蝶兰‘JB5342’‘JB5184’‘JB5541’‘JB3697’‘安娜’和‘JB5725’等品种与多数供试蝴蝶兰品种遗传距离较远,可作为重要亲本参考。主成分分析表明,花宽、花瓣长、花瓣宽、萼片长、花长和萼片宽的特征向量绝对值较高,是造成蝴蝶兰表型变异的主要因素。     

Genetic Analysis and Mapping of TWH Gene in Rice Twisted Hull Mutant

A mutant with twisted hulls was found in a breeding population of rice (Oryza sativa L.). The mutant shows less grain weight and inferior grain quality in addition to twisted hulls. Genetic analysis indicated that the phenotype of mutant was controlled by a single recessive gene (temporarily designated as TWH). To map the TWH gene, an F2 population was generated by crossing the twh mutant to R725, an indica rice variety with normal hulls. For bulked segregant analysis, the bulk of mutant plants was prepared by mixing equal amount of plant tissue from 10 twisted-hull plants and the bulk of normal plants was obtained by pooling equal amount tissue of 10 normal-hull plants. Two hundred and seven pairs of simple sequence repeat (SSR) primers, which are distributed on 12 rice chromosomes, were used for polymorphism analysis of the parents and the two bulks. The TWH locus was initially mapped close to the SSR marker RM526 on chromosome 2. Therefore, further mapping was performed using 50 pairs of SSR primers around the marker RM526. The TWH was delimited between the SSR markers RM14128 and RM208 on the long arm of chromosome 2 at the genetic distances of 1.4 cM and 2.7 cM, respectively. These results provide the foundation for further fine mapping, cloning and functional analysis of the TWH gene.     

Diverse <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium solani</Emphasis> isolates colonise agricultural environments in Ethiopia

Fusarium solani is a fungal pathogen that infects many different genera of plants. It represents one of the two Fusarium spp. commonly isolated from agricultural soils and plant tissues in Ethiopia. To determine the diversity of F. solani in Ethiopia, we studied 43 isolates using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) and nucleotide sequences of the Translation Elongation Factor 1α (TEF-1α) and β-tubulin genes. TEF-1α sequences from GenBank, representing previously described species and clades of the F. solani-Haematonectria haematococca complex, were also included for comparative purposes. Phylogenetic analyses of the TEF-1α data separated the isolates into three groups corresponding with the three previously described clades (Clades 1–3) for this fungus. The Ethiopian isolates aggregated into one group corresponding to Clade 3. TEF-1α, β-tubulin and AFLPs further separated the Ethiopian isolates into a number of clusters and apparently novel phylogenetic lineages. Although the biological and ecological significance of these lineages and clusters is unclear, our data show that the Ethiopian agricultural environment is rich in species and lineages of the F. solani-H. haematococca complex.     

皱纹盘鲍人工育苗的初步研究

为探讨近三十年来我国皱纹盘鲍养殖模式对群体遗传结构产生的影响,利用线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶亚基 (COⅠ)基因和细胞色素b (Cytb)基因分析了定殖漳州的群体、大连培育蓬莱越冬群体、荣成培育福建越冬群体及长山列岛 (砣矶岛、大钦岛、南隍城岛)皱纹盘鲍群体的遗传多样性与群体遗传结构。结果显示,在259个个体730 bp的COⅠ序列片段中检测到48个变异位点和30个单倍型,6个群体的单倍型多样性为0.586~0.897,核苷酸多样性为0.0056~0.0081。259个个体730 bp的Cytb序列片段中检测到59个变异位点和32个单倍型,6个群体的单倍型多样性为0.605~0.909,核苷酸多样性为0.0077~0.0120。基于COⅠ和Cytb基因的群体间F_st值以及AMOVA结果表明,绝大部分群体之间存在显著的遗传分化,并且遗传变异主要来源于群体内。现行的皱纹盘鲍北鲍南养模式加强了不同群体之间的基因交流,使不同遗传背景的种群二次接触,导致皱纹盘鲍6个群体均具有较高的单倍型多样性和核苷酸多样性;而各养殖群体中的不同选育条件则可能是造成显著遗传分化的重要原因。本研究对分属南北沿海的6个皱纹盘鲍群体的遗传评估将为我国皱纹盘鲍资源的合理利用以及养殖模式对遗传结构的影响提供科学依据。