赤潮现状及防治对策

近30年的统计数据表明,我国赤潮的发生次数以每10年增加3倍的速度上升;与之相对应,山东省近6年的赤潮发生次数也呈上升趋势,2004年山东发生赤潮10次,累计面积达3230km^2。综合分析了赤潮的危害、成因、近年来全国赤潮发生和研究的现状及防治措施,并针对山东省的赤潮发生概况,对今后全省在赤潮监测领域应做的工作提出几点建议。     

有害赤潮对近岸捕捞及观光旅游业直接灾害经济损失评估

以广东省珠海市2009年10—11月双胞旋沟藻赤潮期的现场调查数据为基础,研究了赤潮灾害发生期近岸捕捞及旅游观光业直接经济损失的构成,并依据在该海域从事生产活动船只吨位的大小及经营的方式,分别构建了赤潮灾害对近岸捕捞及观光旅游业直接经济损失的评估模式。评估结果显示,这次赤潮造成以近岸捕捞为主的小型船只直接经济损失约为54万元,以旅游观光兼捕捞的中型船只直接经济损失约101万元,以捕捞为主的大型船只直接经济损失约61万元,上述经济损失合计约216万元。本文建立的评估方法填补了我国在有害赤潮对近岸捕捞及观光旅游业直接灾害经济损失精确评估的空白,对近海其它海洋灾害经济损失的评估也具有参考意义。     

昌黎县浅海养殖水域发生赤潮

自2009年5月25日发现赤潮生物以后,26日昌黎县水产局组织部分技术人员从早晨7点至下午5点利用10h继续对全县的浅海水域进行跟踪监测．发现赤潮范围较广,密度较大。经镜检．赤潮生物种类主要是夜光藻,赤潮发生的水域海水颜色为桃红色。新开口较为严重．大滩、蒲河次之,从3—10n mile的范围均有赤潮生物．面积约为3．5万hm^2,赤潮区域成斑块或条块状分布。     

海洋科普 赤潮

赤潮的简介 赤潮是在特定的环境条件下,海水中某些浮游植物、原生动物或细菌爆发性增殖或高度聚集而引起水体变色的一种有害生态现象。赤潮发生的原因、种类、和数量不同,水体会呈现不同的颜色,有红颜色或砖红颜色、绿色、黄色、棕色等。值得指出的是,某些赤潮生物（如膝沟藻、裸甲藻、梨甲藻等）引起赤潮有时并不引起海水呈现任何特别的颜色。     

厦门海域血红哈卡藻赤潮的环流形势和水文气象条件分析

2008年3月和2009年2月,厦门海域发生了以血红哈卡藻为优势藻种的赤潮,两次赤潮具有发生时间早、持续时间长的特点。针对近两年厦门海域两次在冬季爆发血红哈卡藻赤潮的现象,本文分析了赤潮期间的环流形势和水文气象条件。结果表明,厦门海域血红哈卡藻赤潮发生前后,1000hPa环流形势表现为西南地区的倒槽或者气旋,并随着冷空气的北退而向内陆地区延伸,台湾海峡的气流多为东南到西南向,气温和水温持续回升、风速偏弱、相对湿度偏高,盐度长时间维持较低水平,此种环流形势和水文气象条件促使了厦门海域冬季赤潮的发生。     

异囊藻赤潮生物及其对渔业的影响

作为新的赤潮生物,圆鳞异囊藻(Heterocapsa circularisquama)于1988年在日本首次形成赤潮,尔后迅速扩大到西日本海全境,造成极其严重的渔业损失(本城凡夫,1999;松山幸彦,2004)。     

大型海藻对赤潮微藻的克生作用研究进展

大范围、高频率爆发的赤潮已对海洋环境构成了严重威胁,而且有毒、有害的赤潮原因种也在不断增加,寻求科学有效的、对环境无害的赤潮防治措施成为目前迫切需要解决的重大问题。生物防治是赤潮治理的的发展趋势,目前研究的热点是通过赤潮微藻同大型海藻之间的相互作用来处理这类问题。大型海藻能与微藻进行营养盐和光照竞争,抑制微藻的爆发性生长,当光照和营养盐充足时大型海藻能够向环境中释放相生相克类化合物,对赤潮微藻具有明显的生化抑制效应。本文综述了近些年来大型海藻对赤潮微藻之间相互作用的研究。     

对辽东湾夜光藻赤潮和叉状角藻赤潮成因的初步研究

对1995年、1999年发生在辽东湾的夜光藻赤潮及1998年发生的叉状角藻类潮的成因进行了初步分析和研究。结果表明，夜光藻与蚤状角藻都具有鞭毛，夜光藻完全异养，叉状角藻则以自养为主，同时兼有异养。 同样条件下，这两种甲藻甲于其运动特性，可以选择光照适宜和营养丰富的水层，更有利于生长繁殖，比其他硅藻类更易形成赤潮。同时外部的环境条件下，包括生物的，海水的理化因子及气象要素也是每次赤潮发生必不可少的条件。     

我国赤潮频发现象分析与海藻栽培生物修复作用

In this paper, the history, main events and present status of red tide (HAB, harmful algal blooms) along China coast in recent years were reviewed and presented. It showed that the HAB's frequency and scale, number of HAB spec ies, percentage of toxic HAB events and the degree of damages to marine environment and economy have sharply increased in China since 1960's. Eutrophication was key factor for high occurrence of red tide. In this paper, main causes of frequent HAB occurrence along China coast was discussed. Many factors might influence the occurrence of red tide, which included weather, climate, coastal current, tidal current, water temperature, salinity, hydrodynamic and nutrient conditions, trace metals and the variation of biological environment. Numerous evidences from all over the world revealed the linkage between the increases in nutrient loading and the occurrences of high biomass blooms. Eutrophication was one of the important causes that involved in high occurrence of HAB. The main sources of nutrients potentially stimulating HABs included terrestrial runoff, aquaculture selfpollution, atmospheric deposition, sea projects and other pollution events in the ocean. Studies showed that the input from land contaminations and the selfpollution of marine aquaculture accelerated eutrophication in coastal waters and were also important impact factors on red tide. Researches suggested that nutrient composition could affect the species composition of phytoplankton as well as the development of some HABs. The changes in nutrient supply ratios, primarily N∶P, often resulted in shifts in red tide species composition. The correlation between cysts and formation of HAB was discussed from the viewpoi nt of transformation of cyst and vegetative cell, the effects of trace elements and other organic substances on the occurrence of HAB were presented also. It indicated that the nutrient control could be an effective way to reduce the risk of red tide occurrence. Seaweed would play an important role for decreasing marine eutrophication. Among the different methods of red tide controlling studied, seaweed biomass has received much attention due to the cost saving, low sensitivity to environmental and impurity factors, the possible contaminant recovery from the biomaterial and its elevated adsorption capacity. Cultivated seaweeds have very high rates of productivity higher than that of seaweed in its natural habits and grow well in water bodies with higher nitrogen and other nutrients. Seaweeds are able to absorb large quantities of nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon dioxide, produce large quanti ties of oxygen, and have excellent effect on decreasing eutrophication. Large amounts of C, N and P are accumulated into seaweed tissues as they accumulate considerable biomass over a period of months or years depending on the cultivation season. When seaweeds are harvested, nutrients are removed from the sea area. An investigation was carried out for inorganic nitrogen and inorganic phosphorus concentration at Lusi Coast, Qidong County, Jiangsu Province in China, where there were about 270 hm2 for Porphyra yezoensis cultivation with eutrophic sea water in recent years. While during Porphyra yezoensis cultivation, from Sep 2003 to May 2004, the concentration of ammonium nitrogen declined form 0.511-0.778 mg·L^-1 to 0.006-0.057 mg·L^-1, nitrite nitrogen concentration declined from 0.010-0.040 mg·L^-1 to 0.001-0.009 mg·L^-1, and nitrate nitrogen concentration declined from 0.466-0.549 mg·L^-1 to 0.286-0.0568 mg·L^-1, the average concentration of inorganic phosphorus declined from 0.024 mg·L^-1 to 0.019 mg·L^-1. Furthermore, during five hours, the concentration of ammonium nitrogen in the seawater declined form 220.88 μmol·L^-1 to 8.59 μmol·L^-1 by cultivated Gracilaria lemanaiformis, and the concentration of ammonium nitrogen declined form 213.84 μmol·L^-1 to zero by cultivated Enteromorpha clathrata. Other bioremediation mechanisms of seaweed inhibiting the red tide microalgae such as nutrients competition and allelopathic effects were also discussed.     

厦门同安湾硅藻赤潮与理化环境条件的关系研究

通过对厦门同安湾2003年5月28日至7月21日以地中海指管藻为主的硅藻赤潮的跟踪监测,研究了赤潮发生前后,海域水环境中水温、盐度、pH值、DO、COD、无机氮(D IN)、活性磷酸盐(PO4-P)、叶绿素a含量与赤潮种群细胞密度之间的关系,并对此次赤潮发生的机理进行了探讨。结果表明,海水中丰富的无机氮和PO4-P为赤潮的发生提供了营养基础,适宜的水温和盐度的变化可能是诱发硅藻赤潮的原因之一,海水中PO4-P则是硅藻赤潮的主要限制因子之一,海水中DO含量变化可作为赤潮预报的主要特征指标。