云南农田土壤常量及微量元素含量的测定研究(英文)

为了对云南农田土壤常量与微量元素进行科学有效地管理,并为农作物合理施肥提供依据,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICPMS)法测定云南14个地方农田土壤常量及微量元素(P、K、Ca、Mg、Cu、Fe、Zn、Mn)的含量,并对土壤中常量及微量元素含量的状况与分布进行了研究。结果表明:云南农田土壤中速效P、K元素处于平衡,速效Ca、Mg亏缺,速效Cu、Fe、Zn、Mn等微量元素盈余。在不同地貌下,土壤常量及微量元素分布有明显的差异,滇中红色高原土壤的速效态微量元素(Fe、Zn、Mn)的含量明显高于滇东喀斯特高原和滇西横断山脉;速效P、K、Ca的含量从西至东有逐渐下降的趋势;而速效Cu的含量则从西到东有逐渐上升的趋势。研究结果对于农田土壤元素测定及农业生产具有一定的参考价值。     

Relationship Between Leaf C/N Ratio and Insecticidal Protein Expression in Bt Cotton as Affected by High Temperature and N Rate

Expression of insecticidal protein for transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis （Bt） cotton is unstable and related to nitrogen metabolism. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between leaf carbon nitrogen ratio （C/N） and insecticidal efficacy of two Bt cotton cultivars. C/N ratio and Bt protein content were both measured at peak square period and peak boll period respectively under 5-7 d high temperature and different nitrogen fertilizer rates on the Yangzhou University Farm and the Ludong Cotton Farm, China. All plants were grown in field. The results showed that the C/N ratio enhanced slightly and the Bt protein content remained stable at peak square period, but significant increases for the C/N ratio and decreases markedly for the leaf Bt protein concentration were detected at the peak boll period. The similar patterns at the two growth periods were found for the leaf C/N ratio and Bt protein content by different N fertilizer treatments. When nitrogen rate was from 0 to 600 kg ha-l, the C/N ratio was reduced by 0.017 and 0.006 for Sikang 1 and Sikang 3 at peak square period, compared to the 1.350 to 1.143 reduction for Sikang 1 and Sikang 3 at peak boll period, respectively. Correspondingly, the leaf Bt protein contents were bolstered by 2.6-11.8 and 26.9-36.9% at the two different growth periods, respectively. The results suggested that enhanced C/N ratio by high temperature and nitrogen application may result in the reduction of inseetiocidal efficacy in Bt cotton, especially in peak boll period.     

Soil Organic Carbon,Black Carbon,and Enzyme Activity Under Long- Term Fertilization

The present study aims to understand the effects of long-term fertilization on soil organic carbon （SOC）, black carbon （BC）, enzyme activity, and the relationships among these parameters. Paddy field was continuously fertilized over 30 yr with nine different fertilizer treatments including N, P, K, NP, NK, NPK, 2NPK （two-fold NPK）, NPK＋manure （NPKM）, and CK （no fertilization）, N, 90 kg urea-N ha^-1 yr^-1; P, 45 kg triple superphosphate-P205 ha^-1 yr^-1; K, 75 kg potassium chloride-K20 ha^-1 yr^-1; and pig manure, 22 500 kg ha^-1 yr^-1. Soil samples were collected and determined for SOC, BC content, and enzyme activity. The results showed that the SOC in the NPKM treatment was significantly higher than those in the K, P, and CK treatments. The lowest SOC content was found in the CK treatment. SOC content was similar in the N, NP, NK, NPK, 2NPK, and NPKM treatments. There was no significant difference in BC content among different treatments. The BC-to-SOC ratios （BC/SOC） ranged from 0.50 to 0.63, suggesting that BC might originate from the same source. Regarding enzyme activity, NPK treatment had higher urease activity than NPKM treatment. The urease activity of NPKM treatment was significantly higher than that of 2NPK, NP, N, P, K, CK, and NPKM treatment which produced higher activities of acid phosphatase, catalase, and invertase than all other treatments. Our results indicated that long-term fertilization did not significantly affect BC content. Concurrent application of manure and mineral fertilizers increased SOC content and significantly enhanced soil enzyme activities. Correlation analysis showed that catalase activity was significantly associated with invertase activity, but SOC, BC, and enzyme activity levels were not significantly correlated with one another. No significant correlations were observed between BC and soil enzymes. It is unknown whether soil enzymes play a role in the decomposition of BC.     

不同打顶时期对白肋烟烟碱含量和品质的影响

研究了不同打顶时期对恩施白肋烟烟碱含量及品质的影响,结果表明:打顶处理能够显著增加总干物质积累量,并能增加叶片表皮细胞的饱满程度;打顶处理能够改善调制后白肋烟叶片的物理和化学品质,各部位叶片烟碱含量随打顶时期推迟表现出逐渐降低的趋势。综合各品质性状表现,宜在初花期至盛花期打顶,以期能够更有效地改善恩施白肋烟品质。     

马铃薯茎尖分生组织培养技术

<正>马铃薯种薯退化主要症状:植株矮小,叶面遍布病斑,结薯数量减少,块茎变小,产量下降,品质变劣,不耐贮藏,马铃薯种薯退化对马铃薯生产影响巨大。马铃薯种薯退化是因植株体内有马铃薯卷叶病毒、马铃薯A病毒等病毒引起。研究发现,马铃薯茎尖分生组织病毒含量很少,几乎为零。所以,可以通过茎尖分生组织培养技术脱除马铃薯病毒,从而有效避免因马铃薯种薯退化带来的损失,恢复品种优良性状和提高产量。兵团第6师农业科学研究所从     

不同施肥水平及玉米种植对土壤微生物生物量碳氮的影响综述

土壤的肥力对于粮食的安全与产量有着极为重要的意义,很多专业人士认为如果作物被连续种植,那么会吸收土壤的养分,导致土壤肥力的下降,因此合理的施肥是保证土地肥力的最主要的措施之一。     

土壤含水量对降香黄檀树干呼吸速率、生长和氮含量的影响

【目的】为降香黄檀Dalbergia odorifera心材形成的后续研究提供基础数据。【方法】人工设置4个土壤含水量梯度,即重度干旱(HD)、轻度干旱(LD)、旱季灌溉(DI)和对照(CK),研究土壤含水量对树体水势(Ψ_(pd))、树干呼吸速率(R_s)、树木生长和边材氮含量及其旱季变化特征的影响。【结果】土壤含水量和枝条水势旱季表现为下降趋势,各处理从11月底开始表现出显著差异。各处理的树干呼吸速率与树干温度(θ)均具有良好的指数函数关系,决定系数(R~2)均在0.65以上,各处理的温度敏感系数(Q10)为DICKLDHD。树干温度和树干呼吸速率均呈现旱季下降趋势,且在1月份达到最低。各处理的树干温度只在气温较低的冬季表现差异显著,树干呼吸速率总体表现为DI增加树干呼吸速率,而干旱(HD和LD)降低树干呼吸速率。树干生长量在12月中旬之前基本保持不变,12月下半月开始显著下降,DI和CK显著高于HD和LD处理。12月之前,边材氮含量保持不变,12月开始降低,且各处理只在冬季表现出显著差异。树干呼吸速率解释了56%的树干生长量,边材氮含量解释树干呼吸速率68%的旱季变化。枝条水势解释了49%树干呼吸速率、48%树干生长量和63%边材氮含量的旱季变化。【结论】土壤含水量很可能通过改变树体组织含水量(水势),进而使得树干呼吸速率、树干生长和边材氮含量相互影响。旱季灌溉增强树干呼吸速率,干旱降低树干呼吸速率,而树干温度和边材氮含量只在冬季受土壤含水量影响。树干呼吸速率可能也会对树木心材形成有一定指示作用。     

贵州矿区放线菌多样性及对汞的抗性

为探明贵州喀斯特重金属污染区域土壤放线菌多样性特征以及为其污染修复应用奠定基础,从贵州铜仁地区的25份土壤样品中,采用梯度稀释涂布法,利用3种处理方式、7种培养基分离放线菌;通过形态特征、16SrDNA基因序列分析结合生理生化特征鉴定放线菌;同时筛选重金属汞抗性菌株。结果从土样中共分离出56株典型放线菌菌株,经初步鉴定,分属于链霉菌属、孢囊链霉菌属、高温单孢菌属、线杆菌属、间孢囊菌属、诺卡氏菌属、小单孢菌属;其中链霉菌属放线菌占68%。筛选出了1株对汞有较高抗性(75mg·L~(-1))的放线菌菌株,优良耐受菌株的最大抗性约85 mg·L~(-1),菌株经鉴定为枝链霉菌Streptomyces rameus。共分离出56株,分属于7个属的放线菌菌株;筛选出1株重金属汞高抗菌株,经鉴定为枝链霉菌。     

不同抗生素和防腐剂对小球藻Chlorella sorokiniana细胞生长的影响

[目的]分析不同抗生素和防腐剂对小球藻Chlorella sorokiniana细胞生长的影响,筛选出适宜的抗生素和防腐剂种类及其剂量,为建立小球藻C.sorokiniana无菌培养体系提供参考依据.[方法]在HSM培养基中分别添加10、20、40、60、80和100μg/mL抗生素,包括氯霉素、链霉素、青霉素、庆大霉素和头孢噻肟,以及山梨酸钾(50、100、150和200μg/mL)、乳酸钠(0.5%、1.0%和2.0%)、富马酸二甲酯(0.1、0.5、1.0、5.0、10.0、25.0和50.0μg/mL)等防腐剂,培养3 d后测定小球藻C.sorokiniana的细胞密度、叶绿素含量及光系统Ⅱ最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm).[结果]添加10~100μg/mL青霉素或10~80μg/mL头孢噻肟对小球藻C.sorokiniana细胞密度、叶绿素含量和Fv/Fm的影响均不显著(P>0.05,下同);添加100μg/mL头孢噻肟会抑制藻细胞生长,抑制率为18.89%,并引起叶绿素含量和Fv/Fm极显著下降(P<0.01,下同).氯霉素、链霉素和庆大霉素等蛋白质合成抑制类抗生素对小球藻C.sorokiniana细胞的毒性较强,高于10μg/mL的链霉素和庆大霉素及高于20μg/mL的氯霉素均极显著抑制藻细胞生长,对应的叶绿素含量和Fv/Fm也极显著下降.3种防腐剂中,山梨酸钾对小球藻C.sorokiniana细胞生长无显著影响,添加200μg/mL山梨酸钾还会促进细胞叶绿素含量增加;乳酸钠对小球藻C.sorokiniana细胞有一定的毒性作用,其藻细胞密度、叶绿素含量和Fv/Fm随添加浓度增加而降低;添加0.1~10.0μg/mL富马酸二甲酯不影响小球藻C.sorokiniana的细胞密度及叶绿素含量,但Fv/Fm极显著下降.[结论]建立小球藻C.sorokiniana无菌培养体系时宜选用青霉素和头孢噻肟为抗生素、山梨酸钾为防腐剂,其推荐使用浓度分别为青霉素100μg/mL、头孢噻肟80μg/mL、山梨酸钾200μg/mL.     

8种珍珠菜属植物碳氮生态化学计量特征

[目的]以8种珍珠菜属植物为研究对象,分析该属植物根、茎、叶的碳、氮生态化学计量分布特征。[方法]通过盆栽试验,测定碳、氮和碳氮比,分析生态化学计量特征在不同营养器官间的差异性及其相关性。[结果]在属级水平上,碳、氮生态化学计量在三大营养器官中总体分布为:叶碳含量根碳含量茎碳含量;叶氮含量茎氮含量根氮含量;根碳氮比茎碳氮比叶碳氮比。在物种水平上,8种珍珠菜属植物的叶碳含量均显著高于茎碳含量与根碳含量,除了疏头过路黄和轮叶过路黄的叶氮含量与茎和根的氮含量差异未达到显著性水平外,其他6种珍珠菜属植物叶氮含量也均显著高于茎氮含量与根氮含量,贯叶过路黄、过路黄、疏头过路黄与黑腺珍珠菜的叶碳氮比与茎碳氮比之间无显著性差异,但两者均显著低于根碳氮比,星宿菜与矮桃的茎碳氮比与根碳氮比之间却无显著性差异,但两者均显著高于叶碳氮比,轮叶过路黄与繸瓣珍珠菜的叶、茎与根中的碳氮比均无显著性差异;叶氮含量和叶碳氮比与茎或根的碳含量、氮含量及碳氮比之间均表现为极显著性相关关系。[结论]珍珠菜属植物根茎叶中的碳含量、氮含量与碳氮比具有物种特异性,变化是协同的。