Site-related influences on cone-borne inoculum and asymptomatic persistence of Diplodia shoot blight fungi on or in mature red pines

The shoot blight and canker pathogens Diplodia pinea and D. scrobiculata sporulate abundantly on cones of many pine hosts. Variation in incidence and abundance of potential inoculum from cones and frequency of asymptomatic persistence on or in shoots was examined for mature red pines in sites differing in dominant presettlement vegetation and soil type in Bayfield and Douglas counties in northern Wisconsin. Collections were made in each county from 6 plantations, 3 each in areas historically vegetated with jack pine and soils mapped as sands and three in areas historically vegetated with red pine with soils mapped as loamy sands. At each site, 5 cones were collected from each of 5 red pines and 10 shoots were collected from up to 5 red pines. Conidia from cones were quantified with a water wash and filtration technique. Diplodia species were cultured from surface-disinfested asymptomatic shoots. A species-specific PCR assay was used to identify the Diplodia species from cones and shoots. Although cones and asymptomatic shoots from each county yielded D. pinea and D. scrobiculata, D. pinea was detected more frequently. More conidia were obtained from cones from Douglas Co., where there is a history of severe shoot blight damage, than cones from Bayfield Co. In Douglas Co., more conidia were obtained from cones from plantations in areas of more sandy soil and presettlement jack pine dominance than cones from plantations in areas of less sandy soil and presettlement red pine dominance. The numbers of conidia and frequencies of cultural detection of Diplodia species from asymptomatic shoots at a site were positively correlated. These results provide evidence for site-related influences on abundance of pathogen inoculum and asymptomatic persistence on or in red pine crowns that may contribute to differences in frequency and severity of damage from Diplodia shoot blight.     

Clearcutting forestry and Eurasian boreal forest grouse: Long-term monitoring of sympatric capercaillie Tetrao urogallus and black grouse T. tetrix reveals unexpected effects on their population performances

Along the succession gradient of the boreal forest ecosystem, black grouse Tetrao tetrix inhabits the early and capercaillie Tetrao urogallus the latest stages. When converting old forest to clearcuts and plantations, commercial forestry has therefore been assumed to affect capercaillie negatively and to be favourable to black grouse. During a 30-year period (1979-2008) we monitored sympatric populations of the two species in a forest in southeast Norway based on annual spring and autumn censuses and radio-marked birds. During this period, the proportion of old, semi-natural forest was halved and clearcuts and young plantations increased accordingly. The grouse populations did not change as predicted. While the trend in August numbers of adult black grouse declined, males more than females, abundance of adult capercaillie remained unchanged. Number of males at leks showed similar patterns. Equally surprising, breeding success (number of chicks per female in August) of both species increased, thus indicating that the populations were regulated more by variation in adult survivorship than by recruitment of young birds. No correlations were found with changing climatic factors (precipitation and temperatures in winter and spring, snow depth and time of snow melt), except that year-to-year breeding success was positively correlated with minimum temperatures during 2 weeks posthatch. The results are explained by a combination of more flexible habitat selection than previously assumed and a changing predator regime: In the early period, nearly all capercaillie leks were located in old, semi-natural forest, but as plantations grew older (>30 years), new leks were established there. Similarly, while young capercaillie broods used old semi-natural forest almost exclusively when the study started, they frequently used middle-aged plantations, especially those with a ground cover of bilberry Vaccinium myrtillus, when these became common in later years. The increasing breeding success could largely be explained by more females rearing chicks successfully, presumably due to a marked decline in the main nest predator, the red fox Vulpes vulpes. A practice of thinning of the old, semi-natural forest some years prior to final harvesting probably facilitated predation of black grouse by goshawks Accipiter gentilis. Contrary to many beliefs, our results indicate that both capercaillie and black grouse are quite tolerant to changes in forest management regimes. In our study, numerical and functional responses of predators (mainly red fox and goshawk) apparently played a more important role in regulating grouse numbers than habitat factors per se.     

A variance-covariance structure to take into account repeated measurements and heteroscedasticity in growth modeling

This study proposes a within-subject variance-covariance (VC) structure to take into account repeated measurements and heteroscedasticity in a context of growth modeling. The VC structure integrates a variance function and a continuous autoregressive covariance structure. It was tested on a nonlinear growth model parameterized with data from permanent sample plots. Using a stand-level approach, basal area growth was independently modeled for red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) and balsam fir [Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.] in mixed stands. For both species, the implementation of the VC structure significantly improved the maximum likelihood of the model. In both cases, it efficiently accounted for heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation, since the normalized residuals no longer exhibited departures from the assumptions of independent error terms with homogeneous variances. Moreover, compared with traditional nonlinear least squares (NLS) models, models parameterized with this VC structure may generate more accurate predictions when prior information is available. This case study demonstrates that the implementation of a VC structure may provide parameter estimates that are consistent with asymptotically unbiased variances in a context of nonlinear growth modeling using a stand-level approach. Since the variances are no longer biased, the hypothesis tests performed on the estimates are valid when the number of observations is large.     

不同稳定剂对胭脂萝卜红色素稳定性的影响

天然胭脂萝卜红色素属于花青素类化合物,性质不稳定。笔者以新鲜胭脂萝卜(Raphnus sativus cv．)肉质根为原料,提取胭脂萝卜红色素,选择常用的5种稳定剂对其稳定性进行研究,从而确定出最佳的稳定剂及其用量。研究结果发现0.03%维生素C、0.03%谷氨酸、0.03%柠檬酸能明显地延缓其颜色变化,0.03%维生素C＋0.03%柠檬酸的组合对该色素的稳定效果最佳;进一步研究确定维生素C和柠檬酸的最佳用量分别为0.04%和0.08%。     

高磷土壤减量施磷对果蔗磷肥利用效率和土壤酶活性的影响

生产中为了追求高收益,果蔗种植中磷肥过量投入现象普遍,造成肥料效率降低和土壤肥力失衡等问题。本研究在广东湛江高磷红壤区采取田间定位试验（初始有效磷含量为234.80mg/kg）,研究磷肥减量100%（P0）、50%（P1）、20%（P2）和当地常规施磷（CK,600kg P₂O₅/hm²）处理下,果蔗磷肥利用效率以及土壤酶活性的变化特征。结果表明,经过连续2年试验后,果蔗产量、糖分含量、株高和茎径等品质性状均表现为P2＞CK＞P1＞P0。P2处理磷肥利用率最高（32.09%）,P1处理最低（28.08%）;农学效率为P2＞P1＞CK;磷肥偏生产力为P1＞P2＞CK。随着施磷水平的降低,α-葡萄糖苷酶和与氧化还原相关的过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶等酶的活性提高,β-葡萄糖苷酶、纤维二糖苷酶、乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶以及磷酸酶等水解酶活性均呈现下降趋势;与氮转化相关的亮氨酸氨肽酶和脲酶活性均以P2处理最低,P0处理最高。此外,土壤酶活性与土壤养分含量显著相关（P＜0.05）。综合果蔗产量、品质、磷肥利用效率以及土壤酶活性及其对生长影响,较常规施磷减量20%（P2）是该地区果蔗的适宜用量。     

黄精种子形态及发芽特性研究

研究了黄精果实及种子不同发育时期内源激素ABA含量的变化与收获种子类型,以及不同类型黄精种子形态、生活力、千粒重与发芽的相关性.结果表明:3种类型黄精种子属不同发育时期的种子,其外观形态和各种物理特性指标都存在一定差异,其中黄皮种子最大,长、宽平均值分别为4.372 mm和3.710 mm,活性较弱,发芽率45.16%;绿皮种子的千粒重、生活力、发芽率均最高,分别为35.6 g、85%和85.71%;黑皮种子基本没有生活力.说明绿皮种子质量最好,黄皮种子次之.     

长期施肥对红壤磷组分及活性酸的影响

以12年的红壤长期肥力监测定位试验不同处理土壤为材料,研究了连续施肥对土壤磷组分、土壤对磷吸附解吸、土壤活性酸铝的影响。连续施用化学磷肥和化肥加有机肥,均可提高土壤全磷、无机磷数量。施用有机肥料,土壤中的磷以Ca-P和Al-P积累为主要表现形式,化学磷肥的施用能够提高土壤的全磷,并以Al-P增幅为最大,在所有处理中均表现为土壤O-P相对稳定。有机肥料处理土壤对外源磷的吸附强度明显少于施用化学磷肥和不施用磷肥的处理,有机肥料能够显著提高吸附磷的再利用,在NPKM处理中解吸磷占吸附磷的47.72%,M处理中占42.89%,其它处理中解吸磷占吸附磷数量一般少于8%。MNPK、M处理的PFI为2.51、2.69比N、NP处理4.53、4.37明显降低。在红壤旱地长期施用化学肥料,土壤交换性酸铝成倍增加,土壤酸化严重;施用有机肥料、有机肥料与化学肥料配合施用,土壤交换酸铝表现稳定。     

基于红边参数的棉花冠层叶片氮积累量之估算研究

测试了棉花2个品种4水平种植密度的4个关键生育时期冠层反射光谱,应用微分技术处理棉花冠层反射光谱,提取了红边(680～750nm)波段范围的最大一阶微分值(Dr)和红边面积(SDr)参数。分析了棉花冠层红边参数在不同生育期的变化特征和棉花吐絮期的两种生长类型的冠层红边状况,表明红边位置可以指示它们的氮素状况。以新陆早8号的SDr为自变量与对应的LNA为因变量进行相关分析,SDr与冠层LNA达1%极显著相关(R=0.9186**,n=32),利用其构建的模型方程估算新陆早6号的LNA,实测LNA和估测LNA的估计标准差为0.8909g/m2,估算精度为88.1%(R=0.9277**,n=32),说明采用高光谱提取的红边参数信息是无损实时、快捷评价棉花氮素状况的有效方法。     

Postharvest pigmentation in red Chinese sand pears (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) in response to optimum light and temperature

The development of red color in the peel of red Chinese sand pears (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) is influenced by temperature and light; however, the response patterns vary among different cultivars. In this study, we systematically investigated the influence of postharvest treatment with various temperatures (low, high, variant and constant) on detached mature fruit of red Chinese sand pear ‘Mantianhong’ and ‘Meirensu’. Fruit of red apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) ‘Royal Gala’ and red European pear (P. communis L.) ‘Cascade’ received the same treatments for comparison. Furthermore, the effects of light quality and irradiance level on ‘Mantianhong’ pears were evaluated at the optimum temperature for anthocyanin accumulation. Fruit firmness and concentrations of total soluble sugars and organic acids were measured to determine fruit quality. The effect of temperature on red Chinese sand pear fruit color was similar to that of apples, but not European pear. Moreover, low temperature more effectively induced red coloration in ‘Mantianhong’ and ‘Meirensu’ pears than high temperature; anthocyanin levels increased with increasing irradiance level from 0 to 532 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹, and UV-B and visible light synergistically improved the red color of the fruit. Therefore, a combination of low temperature and high intensity of UV-B/visible light could improve the postharvest coloration of red sand pear fruit. The results will contribute to an improved understanding of the mechanism responsible for the coloration of red Chinese sand pears and will aid development of new techniques to improve color in postharvest fruit.     

贮藏期间红富士苹果虎皮病发病因素分析及应对措施

综述与分析引起红富士苹果贮藏后期发生虎皮病的主要因素和发病机理,针对苹果采前与采后生产实际,提出相应的预防措施,以期达到防止红富士苹果虎皮病的发生,降低发病率和病情指数的目的。