表达序列标签（ESTs）及其应用

表达序列标签(ESTs)是指从(ESTcDNA文库中随机挑取克隆并对其3’或5’端进行单轮自动测序所获得的短cDNA库列，一般长度为300～500bp。要有效获取ESTs，必须对cDNA文库进行预处理，处理方法有衰减杂交法、均一化法和差异显示法。在dbEST中收录了大量各种生物的ESTs。ESTs广泛应用于鉴定基因、发现新基因、电子克隆、构建遗传学图谱、制备DNA芯片、分子标记、研究基因的差异表达及检验病原微生物等方面。     

体外循环对血液有形成份的影响（附34例观察）

观察３４例心内直视手术体外循环前后对血液有形成份的影响，发现体外循环后血红蛋白、红细胞与血小板有显著降低，而白细胞显著增高，这可能与机械损伤、血液稀释和机体反应有关。因此选用接近人体生理循环的人工心肺机，改进手术吸引装置、缩短体外循环时间及提高手术质量，可能有助于减少体外循环对血液有形成份的影响。     

黄鳍棘鲷标志放流群体的规格适宜性评价

合理选取标志放流鱼的规格是成功监测放流鱼类动态及评估增殖效果的关键步骤。本研究以黄鳍棘鲷为对象,通过2个实验评价标志鱼的适宜规格。实验1对比了4种体长的黄鳍棘鲷(平均体长5、7、11和14 cm)作T型标志后其生长、存活和标志保留情况,并利用逻辑斯蒂回归模型分别分析标志鱼存活率和标志保留率的规格特异性;实验2模拟了不同混合比例下2种体长黄鳍棘鲷标志鱼与不标志鱼的捕捞情况,并利用重抽样方法对捕捞结果作计算机重抽样,分析2种鱼能否充分混合以及标志鱼的规格、比例对捕捞结果的影响。结果显示:(1)7、11和14 cm标志组的特定生长率与对照组无显著差异;(2)标志鱼的存活率随体长的增加而增加(5 cm标志组的鱼在标志后7 d内全部死亡,7、11和14 cm标志组的存活率分别为77.5%、92.5%和100.0%)。标志鱼的存活率与初始体长的逻辑斯蒂回归关系式为P=exp(0.099X-6.900)/[1+exp(0.099X-6.900)];(3)各组的标志保留率较高(7、11和14 cm标志组的标志保留率分别为97.5%、100.0%和100.0%),但与体长无明显关系;(4)模拟捕捞结果与计算机重抽样结果无显著差异,二者均不受鱼体规格的影响,但受标志鱼比例的影响极显著,标志鱼比例越高,其捕获率也越高。综上,建议今后采用T型标志方法开展增殖放流品种(如黄鳍棘鲷)的相关研究时,应综合考虑成本和可接受的误差范围以选择符合研究目的的标志鱼规格,若需标志鱼的存活率高于50.0%,则体长至少为7 cm,高于75.0%则体长至少为8 cm,高于95.0%则体长至少为10 cm。此外,在成本允许的条件下,建议尽可能增加放流鱼类中标志鱼的比例以提高增殖效果评估的代表性,而具体适宜的比例值得深入研究。     

小波变换在土壤有机质含量可见/近红外光谱分析中的应用

使用高光谱仪ASD Field Spec在波长范围400~1 000 nm内采集有机质含量不同的土壤原始光谱;之后,求取土壤原始光谱及其A值的一阶导数(一阶导数光谱);对以上两类一阶导数光谱进行小波去噪处理;并分析这两类一阶光谱在去噪前、后,光谱形态的变化情况,以及它们与有机质含量相关性的改善程度。结果表明:(1)土壤原始光谱及其A值的一阶导数中含有大量噪声,严重影响了对光谱曲线波形轮廓、特征信号点和有机质吸收特征的识别。(2)经小波去噪处理后,土壤原始光谱及其A值的一阶导数中的噪声被有效去除,一阶导数光谱的清晰度明显改善,光谱质量显著提高。(3)去噪后的土壤原始光谱的一阶导数,呈开口向下的"喇叭口"状,波长范围567~598 nm内与有机质含量呈较为稳定、显著的负相关性。(4)去噪后的土壤原始光谱A值的一阶导数,波形呈"凹"状,波长范围524~535 nm内与有机质含量呈比较稳定、显著的正相关性。     

基于CNN-BiLSTM的棉花产量预测方法

针对传统的作物产量估算方法在模型泛化方面的不足及缺少时序特征和空间特征的问题,该研究以机采棉为研究对象,结合无人机遥感平台与深度学习技术对棉花进行多期遥感观测与估产。以棉花苗期、蕾期和花期的影像为时间序列数据集,构建基于卷积神经网络（Convolutional Neural Network,CNN）和双向长短期记忆（Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory,BiLSTM）的混合模型（CNN-BiLSTM）进行棉花产量预估,提高时间维度和空间维度方面的特征提取能力,并分别验证CNN和BiLSTM的性能以及不同网络深度对估产的影响。研究结果表明,CNN和BiLSTM深度分别为14和1的CNN14-BiLSTM模型准确率最高,对比单一结构的BiLSTM该模型决定系数从0.851提升至0.885,其均方根误差和平均绝对百分比误差也均明显下降,在2.3 m×2.3 m的样方内,结果分别为147.167 g和6.711%。该研究实现了基于时间序列的棉花产量估算,可为类似的作物产量估算提供参考。     

杨树抗黑斑病相关基因表达谱分析

利用黑斑病的高抗无性系美洲黑杨I-69及黑斑病的高感无性系欧美杨I-45为材料建立的2个cDNA文库,随机挑取cDNA克隆进行5'端EST序列测序,共获得有效序列20 023条.序列经聚类分析和拼接后,共获得10 816个Unigene,其中包括3 734个Contig,7 082个独立的Singleton.被注释的8 853个具有同源性匹配序列基因中,按照GO的分子功能、生物过程和细胞组分3个不同分类角度进行分类.在具有功能注释的8 853个Unigene中,选出330个与完成全基因组测序的毛果杨序列进行BLAST分析,结果发现有177个抗病相关候选基因出现在282个Unigene中,其中135个分布于杨树的18个不同连锁群上,其他42个基因位于还没定位的scaffolds上.所测定的这些EST序列为后期在基因组水平上研究杨树黑斑病的水平抗性遗传机制及进一步的相关基因发现奠定基础.

Abstract：

In an attempt to elucidate the molecular mechanism for resistance of black spot disease in poplar,gene expression profiles in leaves of Populus deltoides'Lus'(I-69/55)and P.euramericana'I-45/51',which were inoculated with the pathogen Marssonina brunnea f.sp.brunnea,were analyzed based on expressed sequence tags (ESTs).A total of 20 023 valid ESTs from the 5'terminal ends derived from corresponding cDNA libraries of the two poplar species were sequenced.Cluster analysis of the 20 023 sequences yielded 10 816 tentative unigenes,including 3 734 contigs and 7 082 singletons.All tentative unigenes were classified by Gene Ontology functional categories.To find resistance-associated candidate genes and locate them on poplar genome,330 unigenes was chosen from 8 853 annotated tentative unigenes,and their BLAST alignment was conducted with Populus trichocarpa assembly,1 77 related candidate resistant genes were found,and they presented in 282 unigenes.Among these genes,there were 1 35 genes located on 18 different linkage groups of poplar genome,and 42 genes located on the different scaffolds.This study supplied a resource of candidate genes for further exploring the genetic mechanism for the host horizontal resistance to the pathogen Marssonina brunnea at the whole genome range,and provided important information for further gene discovery.     

Influence of Soil Particle Size on the Measurement of Sodium by Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy

This study evaluates the effect of soil particle size (SPS) on the measurement of exchangeable sodium (Na) (EXC-Na) by near-infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy. Three hundred thirty-two (n = 332) top soil samples (0–10 cm) were taken from different locations across Uruguay, analyzed by EXC-Na using emission spectrometry, and scanned in reflectance using a NIR spectrophotometer (1100–2500 nm). Partial least squares (PLS) and principal component regression (PCR) models between reference chemical data and NIR data were developed using cross validation (leaving one out). The coefficient of determination in calibration (R²) and the root mean square of the standard error of cross validation (RMSECV) for EXC-Na concentration were 0.44 (RMSECV: 0.12 mg kg^–1) for soil with small particle size (SPS-0.053) and 0.77 (RMSECV: 0.09 mg kg^–1) for soils with particle sizes greater than 0.212 mm (SPS-0.212), using the NIR region after second derivative as mathematical transformation. The R² and RMSECV for EXC-Na concentration using PCR were 0.54 (RMSECV: 0.07 mg kg^–1) and 0.80 (RMSECV: 0.03 mg kg^–1) for SPS-0.053 and SPS-0.212 samples, respectively.     

Diel differences in blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) dive behavior increase nighttime risk of ship strikes in northern Chilean Patagonia

The northern Chilean Patagonia region is a key feeding ground and a nursing habitat in the southern hemisphere for blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus). From 2014 to 2019, during 6 separate research cruises, the dive behavior of 28 individual blue whales was investigated using bio-logging tags (DTAGs), generating ≈190 h of data. Whales dove to significantly greater depths during the day compared to nighttime (day: 32.6 ± 18.7 m; night: 6.2 ± 2.7 m; P < 0.01). During the night, most time was spent close to the surface (86% ± 9.4%; P < 0.01) and at depths of less than 12 m. From 2016 to 2019, active acoustics (scientific echosounders) were used to record prey (euphausiids) density and distribution simultaneously with whale diving data. Tagged whales appeared to perform dives relative to the vertical migration of prey during the day. The association between diurnal prey migration and shallow nighttime dive behavior suggests that blue whales are at increased risk of ship collisions during periods of darkness since the estimated maximum ship draft of vessels operating in the region is also ≈12 m. In recent decades, northern Chilean Patagonia has seen a large increase in marine traffic due to a boom in salmon aquaculture and the passenger ship industry. Vessel strike risks for large whales are likely underestimated in this region. Results reported in this study may be valuable for policy and mitigation decisions regarding conservation of the endangered blue whale.     

龙池鲫DNA含量、倍性分析及其形态学特征研究

以鸡(Gallus sp.)红细胞DNA含量(2.5 pg/N)为标准对照,利用流式细胞术测定了龙池鲫(Carassius auratus in Long Lake)的红细胞核DNA含量,采用T型标技术标记了2倍体与3倍体龙池鲫并研究了2倍体与3倍体龙池鲫的形态特征,为阐明龙池鲫的遗传背景及资源增殖保护提供科学依据。结果显示,实验检测的265尾龙池鲫中,42尾龙池鲫样品红细胞核的相对DNA含量接近76,占15.85%,223尾样品接近110,占群体数的84.15%;二倍体龙池鲫的DNA含量为3.83 pg/N,三倍体龙池鲫的DNA含量为5.38 pg/N。龙池鲫是由二倍体和三倍体两种类型的鱼组成的混合群体;侧线鳞数量可作为二倍体龙池鲫与三倍体龙池鲫的辨别参考指标。T型标暂养1周后龙池鲫的成活率达到100%,脱牌率为1.13%。