Dynamics of arsenic-containing compounds sorption on sediments

Background  River and lake sediments constitute complex and difficult analytical samples. On the other hand, sediments play a fundamental role in the distribution of toxic compounds in aquatic systems and in the evaluation of the current state and the course of changes taking place in the environment. Among elements present in the environment in trace concentrations, but having well-elaborated toxic properties, one of most dangerous is arsenic. The element occurs in the environment in several chemical forms, predominant are inorganic forms of As(V) and As(III), and methylated forms such as monomethylarsonic acid (MMAA) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAA). Objectives  Reported herein are experiments, which were undertaken with the aim of examining the dynamics of arsenic sorption in sediments and its dependence on speciation of the element and the pH in the environment. Simultaneously, influence of organic matter content and chemical composition of the sediments on As sorption, were investigated. Methods  Sediment samples (upper 10 cm layer) were collected from three sites located in the vicinity of Cracow:

中国五大湖三角帆蚌群体遗传多样性的RAPD分析

用OPJ和OPM两组40条10碱基随机引物,对中国五大湖三角帆蚌地理群体及诸暨养殖蚌进行了随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)分析,其中12个引物的扩增结果具有丰富的群体多态性,多态率为55.6%～80%。群体内遗传相似度大小依次为:鄱阳湖(0.8889),太湖(0.8694),洞庭湖(0.8111),诸暨(0.7746),洪泽湖(0.7348),巢湖(0.7185)。依据群体间遗传距离指数及分子系统树,表明洞庭湖群体和洪泽湖群体亲缘关系最近,鄱阳湖群体则与巢湖群体的亲缘关系最近,并且诸暨人工养殖群体与鄱阳湖和巢湖的群体比较接近。     

南昌市3个城中湖泊夏季轮虫和甲壳类群落特征及水质评价

为探究城市湖泊浮游动物群落结构特征和分布与水环境因子之间的关系,并评价南昌市典型城市湖泊夏季水质状况,运用多维尺度分析（MDS）和典范对应分析（CCA）方法,对南昌3个城市湖泊———东湖、青山湖、月亮湖的轮虫和甲壳类浮游动物群落进行了研究,分析了浮游动物的多样性指数。结果表明,轮虫是夏季城市湖泊中浮游动物的优势类群,优势度（Y）大于0．02的浮游动物分别为剪形臂尾轮虫（Brachionus forficula）、裂足臂尾轮虫（Brachionus diversicornis）、萼花臂尾轮虫（Brachionus calyciflorus）、桡足类无节幼体（Copepoda nauplii）和卜氏晶囊轮虫（Asplanchna brightwelli）;3个湖泊之间浮游动物的群落结构差异显著（P ＜0．05）,明显划分为东湖群落、青山湖群落和月亮湖群落。叶绿素 a 浓度、浊度和溶氧是浮游动物分布的显著影响因子（P ＜0．05）。多样性指数评价显示,东湖为清洁型水体,青山湖为清洁－中污型水体,月亮湖为轻污－中污型水体。综合评价表明,东湖和青山湖水体为寡营养水平,月亮湖为中富营养水平。     

Temperature dependent growth and yield of pikeperch, Sander lucioperca, in Finnish lakes

Abstract  A non-linear growth model was used to evaluate the effects of temperature and age on annual length increments of pikeperch, Sander lucioperca (L.), in seven lakes in Finland. Length increments were derived by back-calculation using the Fraser–Lee method. Annual length increments increased from age 1 to age 3 and then decreased, while at the same time length increments and air temperature had positive correlation until age 12. Age- and size-structured yield per recruit models were used in two lakes to evaluate the effects of temperature and gillnet mesh size on pikeperch yield. In these two lakes maximum yield could be obtained with 60 and 70 mm (bar length) gill nets. In the second lake, as typically in Finland, 45–50 mm gill nets are the most frequently used. The use of larger mesh size gill nets would increase pikeperch yield from 685 to 1000 g per recruit based on the present mean temperature. In both lakes increase in temperatures would increase yield if mesh size is simultaneously increased. Higher pikeperch yield can be expected in the future because of climate warming.     

我国五大湖日本沼虾线粒体COI基因部分片段序列比较

对我国五大湖日本沼虾100个野生个体的线粒体细胞色素氧化酶亚基I（COI）部分序列进行了测定和分析,经比对获得578bp核苷酸片段,发现49个变异位点,得到35个单倍型,包括7个共享单倍型,各群体都具有较好的单倍型多态性和核苷酸多态性,其中鄱阳湖群体遗传多样性相对最高。AMOVA分析表明,五群体间总遗传分化系数F_st＝0.31873 （P<0.05）, 群体间具有较高的遗传分化。MEGA3.1软件计算五群体的Kimura 2-paramter遗传距离,洞庭湖群体和巢湖群体之间的遗传距离最远为0.0191,巢湖群体和洪泽湖群体之间的遗传距离最近为0.0051。以同属胖掌沼虾（Macrobrachium inflatum）为外群分别构建了NJ和UPGMA系统树,结果显示洞庭湖和鄱阳湖为一族群,太湖、巢湖和洪泽湖为一族群。     

如何在湖泊水库中进行不投饵网箱养殖鲢鳙鱼

从不投饵网箱养殖鲢鳙鱼的优点以及相关的技术2个方面,论述在湖泊水库中进行不投饵鲢鳙鱼的网箱养殖技术方法。     

乌梁素海和岱海上覆水中碳的形态分布及其制约机制

以乌梁素海和岱海2个不同类型湖泊上覆水中TIC、DIC、TOC、DOC的地球化学特征为基础,分析和探讨了2个湖泊上覆水的水化学特征和TIC、DIC、TOC、DOC的空间分布格局及其制约机制。结果表明,乌梁素海和岱海湖泊的水化学特征均属蒸发-浓缩类型,湖泊水体离子组分特征受控于流域的蒸发-浓缩作用及蒸发盐岩的风化作用;岱海TIC、DIC、TOC、DOC的含量范围分别为（0.93-1.16）×10^4、（0.78-0.90）×10^4、（0.07-0.63）×10^4、（0.07-0.48）×10^4 μmol·L^-1,乌梁素海TIC、DIC、TOC、DOC的含量范围分别为（0.18-1.00）×10^4、（0.03-0.81）×10^4、（0.10-0.51）×10^4、（0.04-0.32）×10^4 μmol·L^-1,2个湖泊上覆水中TIC和DIC含量的差异性是湖泊富营养化类型、自然地理区划、水文地质背景及水量收支方式等因素综合作用的结果;岱海上覆水中DIC、TIC、DOC、TOC受N、P、Si等3种营养盐的共同影响,乌梁素海上覆水中DIC、TIC、DOC、TOC主要受N的影响。     

Ornamental lakes — an overlooked conservation resource?

• 1. Shallow lakes excavated for ornamental purposes during the 18th and 19th centuries are abundant in lowland Europe. However, relative to older man‐made and/or natural lakes, these lakes may have been undervalued from the perspective of nature conservation.
• 2. To evaluate this idea a comparison was made between the aquatic macrophyte communities (submerged and floating‐leaved vegetation) of 66 shallow, English lakes including 34 ornamental lakes and 32 flooded medieval peat workings (the Norfolk and Suffolk Broads system), the latter being widely protected by conservation legislation.
• 3. Some 47%, 38% and 15% of the lakes studied were phytoplankton‐dominated, macrophyte‐dominated or deemed too shallow (<50 cm water depth), respectively, to support a macrophyte vegetation. A higher proportion of the ornamental lakes were macrophyte‐dominated (51%) by comparison with the broads (34%). In addition, many of the ornamental lakes contained diverse plant communities including abundant populations of Characeae, a common feature of lakes in the region before the major onset of eutrophication.
• 4. From the perspectives of macrophyte species richness, charophyte communities and indeed ‘reference condition macrophyte assemblages’, many of the studied ornamental lakes can be considered to be of high conservation value. Yet, in contrast to the broads, the vast majority of ornamental lakes have little conservation protection and are rarely subject to biological monitoring and/or surveying, thus leaving them vulnerable to eutrophication and inappropriate management. This study suggests that ornamental lakes are worthy of much greater attention from conservation organizations.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于RS和GIS的沙漠湖泊动态变化研究——以巴丹吉林沙漠为例

沙漠湖泊动态变化的常规观测方法在沙漠的大部分地区无法实施,遥感(RS)与地理信息系统(G IS)技术的发展为研究沙漠湖泊动态变化提供了有效的技术手段。及时准确地掌握和研究沙漠湖泊资源的现状和动态变化过程,对于沙漠湖泊的合理开发、保护和可持续发展都有着及其重要的意义。因此,以巴丹吉林沙漠为例,利用1973年、1990年、2000年、2007年的(多光谱扫描仪)MSS、(专题制图仪)TM、(增强型专题制图仪)ETM+、(中巴地球资源卫星)CBERS_CCD遥感资料为信息源,综合监督分类与目视判读方法提取沙漠湖泊信息,以G IS为工具对湖泊动态变化信息进行分析。结果表明:研究区1973年湖泊面积为28.56km2,2007年的湖泊面积为17.01km2,减少了11.55km2,减少的速度为0.34km2/a,其中1973-1990年间减少的速率最快,为0.66km2/a,1990-2007年间几乎没有发生变化。