国外松芽流脂病发生与防治

近年来,浙江省局部地区国外松纯林受芽流脂病危害较为严重.通过定点现察、分离培养、光镜检查、电镜现察、微量元素测定和用硼砂防治罹病松树等方法,基本查清国外松芽流脂病在浙江省的发生情况,明确了国外松芽流脂病的3种症状顶芽枯死型、丛枝型和枯梢型.国外松芽流脂病是由于松树自身和土壤中的微量元素--有效硼含量不足引起的生理性病害.用喷洒3.0g@kg-1或5.0g@kg-1硼砂溶液防治该病效果显著,防治区病情指数与对照相比平均下降38.5,松树的年平均高生长量也比对照大14.8cm.表4参4     

Effect of Prosopis (mesquite) invasion and clearing on vegetation cover in semi-arid Nama Karoo rangeland,South Africa

The Nama-Karoo is the largest of the three biomes that comprise the semi-arid Karoo-Namib ecoregion of southern Africa. Large tracts of Nama-Karoo rangeland have been invaded by alien leguminous trees of the genus Prosopis. We assessed the impact of Prosopis invasion and clearing on vegetation cover in heavily grazed Nama-Karoo rangeland on two sheep farms in the Beaufort West district of the Western Cape province of South Africa. Our results suggest that, below critical threshold cover levels, Prosopis trees do not affect indigenous vegetation and add to overall rangeland vegetation cover. However, once Prosopis cover exceeds critical thresholds, the trees begin to negatively impact on indigenous vegetation (especially grasses) and overall vegetation cover. In addition, our data suggest that vegetation cover recovers after Prosopis clearing, being temporarily higher than pre-invasion levels possibly as a result of enhanced post-invasion soil fertility. Lastly, our results suggest that Prosopis trees reduce rangeland erosion potential at low cover and increase it after they exceed critical threshold cover. Information about thresholds of Prosopis impact can be used to direct clearing efforts for maximum benefit when resources are limited.     

Development and evaluation of an anatomically designed and 3D printed device to enhance orotracheal intubation success in rabbits by inexperienced veterinarians

ObjectiveTo assess whether the use of a three-dimensional (3D) printed device enhances the success rate of orotracheal intubation in rabbits.Study designProspective, crossover randomized controlled trial.AnimalsA total of six mixed-breed rabbits.MethodsA device to guide the endotracheal tube was designed based on computed tomography images and then manufactured using 3D printing. Rabbits were randomly assigned for intubation by two inexperienced veterinarians using the blind (BLI), borescope- (BOR) or device- (DEV) guided techniques. Success rate, number of attempts, time to success, injury scores and propofol dose were recorded and compared. Significance was considered when p < 0.05.ResultsSuccess rate was higher in DEV (58.3%) than in BLI (8.3%) (p < 0.023), but not different from that in BOR (41.6%). Total time until successful intubation was lower in DEV (45 ± 23 seconds) and BOR (85 ± 62 seconds) than in BLI (290 seconds; p < 0.006). Time for the successful attempt was lower for DEV (35 ± 10 seconds) and BOR (74 ± 43 seconds) than in BLI (290 seconds; p < 0.0001). The propofol dose required was lower for DEV (2.3 ± 1.2 mg kg^–1) than for BLI (3.4 ± 1.6 mg kg^–1) (p < 0.031), but not different from BOR (2.4 ± 0.9 mg kg^–1). Number of attempts and oxygen desaturation events were not different among techniques (p < 0.051 and p < 0.326, respectively). Injury scores [median (range)] before and after attempts were different in BLI [0 versus 1 (0–3), p < 0.005] and BOR [0 (0–1) versus 1 (0–3), p < 0.002] but not in DEV [0 (0–2) versus 0 (0–3), p < 0.109].Conclusions and clinical relevanceThe device facilitated orotracheal intubation with a time similar to the borescope-guided technique but faster than the traditional blind technique.     

甘蔗引进品种的区试表现及利用前景

全国“948”项目第一套甘蔗引进品种联合区试中,参试的9个品种在云南(开远)皆表现出可直接生产利用的潜力,主要品质及农艺性状均优于或相似于双对照种,部分品种还表现出了一定的特异性。其中RB72/454、Hocp93-746和CP85/1308综合性状优良,可加速繁殖推广;“ROC25”、“ROC26”、FR93/344、CP89/1509、Hocp91/555和Hocp93-750六个品种有部分缺陷,可选择性推广;Hocp93-746、Hocp91/555和Hocp93-750可作为高糖种质利用;RB72/454和FR93/344可作为高产及强宿根亲本杂交利用     

渤海湾外来浮游植物物种及其入侵途径分析

为了预防外来浮游植物入侵引发的渤海湾赤潮灾害,基于近20年建设项目环境影响评价报告书和相关文献资料的研究成果,收集整理了渤海湾海域已发现的外来浮游植物物种及具体物种信息,分析了物种入侵的主要途径及可能产生的赤潮灾害影响。结果表明：渤海湾海域共发现17种外来浮游植物,其中,甲藻门最多,有10种;硅藻门次之,有5种;金藻门和黄藻门最少,各有1种。研究表明：渤海湾外来浮游植物中,除中华盒形藻外,其余16种均属于赤潮生物,这些物种主要通过压载水引入、传播的方式进入渤海湾海域,应加强港口监控和管理,以防赤潮灾害。     

海南外来杂草——假臭草群落生态位特征研究

基于对海南儋州地区假臭草群落的调查,应用辛普森和香农指数测定了该地区不同生境类型的假臭草群落的生物多样性;并以各种杂草的重要值作为生态位计算的资源状态指标,应用Levins公式和Pianka公式计算分析了该地区假臭草群落各物种的生态位宽度和生态位重叠。结果表明:(1)林下假臭草群落的多样性指数最低,其次为公路边和荒地。假臭草在公路边的优势度最大,说明其最容易入侵的生境是公路边。(2)假臭草的生态位宽度较大,而且与其他物种在生态位上都存在重叠,说明假臭草对环境的适应能力较强,很容易与其他物种发生竞争。(3)假臭草群落中含羞草的生态位宽度也较大,表明含羞草在该群落中也具有较强的侵入性。     

外来树种马占相思自然繁殖更新研究

调查马占相思人工林的自然更新情况,在国内首次发现马占相思存在种子成苗方式的自然更新.但马占相思的自然更新受立地条件制约:只有在林缘的裸露立地条件下,马占相思的种子才能萌发成苗.马占相思16年生单株在45°扇形单方向更新扩散的最远距离为17.5 m,更新繁殖的株数最多有26株;扩散距离与扩散株数之间没有明显的相关性.1987年穴状埋根造林的马占相思,其林缘更新扩散的最远距离为10.0 m,更新繁殖的株数最多有3株;1997年穴状埋根造林的马占相思,其林缘更新扩散的最远距离为3.0 m,更新繁殖的株数最多有14株.用小样方法调查马占相思人工林下乡土乔木、灌木和草本植物的自然更新.结果表明,在马占相思林分内,共发现12种乔木树种、3种灌木树种和8种草本植物,这些乡土植物均表现为生活力强.研究结果表明,马占相思在靠近水源的裸露立地条件下可以自然更新,更新的方式为种子繁殖;马占相思不影响乡土植物的正常生长.     

外来树种在城市园林绿化中的应用研究概况

指出了生物地理学是对地球表面物种分布寻求解释的科学,其研究领域涉及生物学和地理学两个方面。在长期的自然进化历史中,动植物在地球表面的分布形成了一定的格局,这种格局尽管随着时期的变化而发生着变化,但是在特定的历史时期是相对稳定的。在今天就能看到每个树种有着其一定的自然分布区。中国幅员辽阔,具备多种气候带和气候类型,立地备件复杂多样,形成多种多样的生态气候区,为许多引种树种的生长提供了优越条件和场所。近几十年来,中国林木引种取得巨大成就。外采树种越来越成为城市绿化的重要组成部分。总结了外来树种的特点和弊端,提出了对加强外来树种应用的几点对策。     

中国境内外来杂草的特点危害及其综合治理对策

中国有外来杂草23科、76属、108种。我国外来杂草的特点表现为来源广泛，以一年生种类为主，近年来入侵的种类较多。外来杂草入侵的原因主要与生境相似度、外来杂草的生态位宽度、繁殖能力以及遗传多样性的改变有关。外来杂草入侵已经对我国各种各样的生态系统和社会经济发展造成明显损害。针对我国外来杂草的危害现状，本文提出了有效治理外来杂草的策略。     

Intercepted Scolytidae (Coleoptera) at U.S. ports of Entry: 1985–2000

Since 1985, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service has maintained the 'Port Information Network' (PIN) database for plant pests intercepted at the U.S. ports of entry. As of August 2001, PIN contained 6825 records of beetles (Coleoptera) in the family Scolytidae that had been intercepted during the years 1985–2000 from countries outside of North America. Of the 6825 scolytid interceptions, 2740 (40%) were identified to the species level, 2336 (34%) to only the genus level, and 1749 (26%) were identified to only the family level. Of the 49 identified scolytid genera, the 10 most common were Hypothenemus (821 interceptions), Pityogenes (662), Ips (544), Coccotrypes (520), Orthotomicus (461), Hylurgops (327), Hylurgus (266), Tomicus (194), Dryocoetes (166), and Hylastes (142). The 10 most common identified species were Pityogenes chalcographus (565 interceptions), Orthotomicus erosus (385), Hylurgops palliatus (295), Ips typographus (286), Hylurgus ligniperda (217), Ips sexdentatus (157), Tomicus piniperda (155), Hylastes ater (75), Hypothenemus hampei (62), and Polygraphus poligraphus (48). Of these 10 species, H. palliatus, H. ligniperda, and T. piniperda are known to be established in the continental U.S. The scolytids were intercepted from 117 different countries; the top 12 countries were Italy (1090 interceptions), Germany (756), Spain (457), Mexico (425), Jamaica (398), Belgium (352), France (261), China (255), Russia (247), India (224), U.K. (151), and Portugal (150). The scolytids were intercepted in 35 U.S. states and 97 port cities. In general, there was a positive relationship between the number of scolytid interceptions from individual countries and the value of the imports from those countries. Overall, 73% of the scolytids were found in solid wood packing materials, 22% in food or plants, and 5% in other or unspecified materials. The products most commonly associated with scolytid-infested wood packing materials were tiles, marble, machinery, steel, parts, ironware, granite, aluminum, slate, and iron. The food products and plants that were commonly infested with scolytids included nutmeg, palms, coffee beans, kola nuts, and macadamia nuts.