Research on abalone (Haliotis midae L.) cultivation in South Africa

Although abalone fisheries in South Africa have existed since 1949, cultivation started by successful spawning of captured specimens in 1981 to produce spat and juveniles. Twelve abalone farms, with an estimated investment of US$12 million, have since been established on the coast of South Africa, with a projected production of 500–800 tons. While Haliotis midae could reach a maximum size of about 200 mm shell length at an age of over 30 years in the wild, farm production is concentrating on an average size of 100 mm after 5 years. Growth rates of 0.08–4.5% body weight day ^?1 for abalone of 10–17 mm shell length have been found under stimulated farming conditions on formulated diets, while the corresponding feed conversion ratio (FCR) was 0.9–2.4. Growth rate, FCR and protein efficiency ratio decline at water temperatures above 20 °C. Anaesthetics, for example magnesium sulphate, are used to prevent injury during removal from tanks. Prostrate diatoms, such as Cocconeis sublittoralis (Hendey), Amphora proteoides (Hustedt) and Achnanthes brevipes (Agardh) are preferred after the larval stage (5–7 days, depending on temperature) are finished. South Africa abalone growers prefer formulated feeds in pellet form, which is convenience and cost favourable to farm operations and management. Although fish meal has been found to be the most suitable protein source for inclusion in formulated diets, plant proteins such as soy bean meal, cottonseed meal and sunflower meal presented good growth and apparent protein digestibility. The parasite sabellid polychaete, Terebrasabella heterouncinata, recently named by Australian and American researchers, is indigenous to a variety of South African intertidal molluscs and impedes growth by causing irritation beneath the mantle in abalone. Prevention to some degree is possible by high standards of hygiene and husbandry of abalone in the tanks, but new techniques to control large infestations now include ultrasound. In spite of a reputation for toughness, abalone meat frozen immediately after shucking is tender relative to red meat. The success of abalone farming in South Africa has been as a result of a high degree of cooperation between the private sector and government‐backed research institutions, and it is anticipated that this collaboration will continue.     

Effect of casein substitution with fishmeal, soybean meal and crustacean meal in the diet of the abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino

The effect of dietary substitution of casein with fishmeal, soybean meal and crustacean meal on the growth of the abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino was determined. A 350 g casein per kilogram diet was included into the CS diet. The whole casein was then substituted by: (1) 300 g fishmeal and 200 g soybean meal per kilogram diet (FS), (2) 200 g fishmeal, 200 g soybean meal and 130 g krill meal per kilogram diet (FSK), (3) 200 g fishmeal, 200 g soybean meal and 280 g red crab meal per kilogram diet (FSC) or (4) 200 g fishmeal, 200 g soybean meal and 130 g shrimp head meal per kilogram diet (FSS). In addition, a 50‐g by‐product of green tea per kilogram diet was included in the FS diet to form the FSG diet. Sea tangle (ST)diet was supplied to abalone as a control feed. Weight gain, final shell length and final shell width of abalone fed with the various substitution feeds (FS, FSK, FSC, FSS and FSG) were not different from those obtained with the CS diet. All the formulated feeds, however, produced higher weight gain and final shell width values than the ST diet. The results of this study show that casein can be replaced with a combination of fishmeal, soybean meal, krill meal, crab meal and/or shrimp head meal in the diet without a retardation of growth of abalone.     

Ability of salmon growth hormone to accelerate somatic growth of juvenil abalone Haliotis discus hannai

ABSTRACT:   The ability of salmon growth hormone (sGH) to accelerate the somatic growth of juvenile abalone Haliotis discus hannai by immersion was examined. After immersion for one hour into a sGH-rich solution at a concentration of 30 mg/L, the sGH immunoreactivity in the body fluid of abalone was maximal after one day, and levels were still detectable at two days. No immunoreactivity was observed in the control group. Following immersion for one hour at one or two-week intervals for 120 weeks into the sGH-rich solution at 30 mg/L, the sGH-immersed abalone exhibited a significant increase in shell length and body weight. On the other hand, abalone immersed into a salmon prolactin (sPRL)-rich solution at 30 mg/L for one hour showed a lower increase in both shell length and body weight than the sGH-immersed abalone. No increases in shell length and body weight were observed in either the bovine serum albumin-immersed abalone or untreated controls. These results provide evidence that sGH can be transported from ambient water into the circulatory system of abalone, and can subsequently improve the somatic growth of juveniles.     

模型礁对幼鲍、幼海胆行为的影响

在水温为(18±0.5)℃、盐度为34.3、pH为8.3的养殖条件下,通过观测试验水槽内幼鲍Haliotis和幼海胆Hem icentrotus pulcherrimus在无模型礁和有模型礁状况下的行为反应,探讨了适合幼鲍、幼海胆栖息的模型礁的结构与形状,并统计分析了4种不同结构的PVC模型礁对幼鲍、幼海胆的聚集率。结果表明:模型礁对水槽内幼鲍、幼海胆的分布均有影响,对幼鲍和幼海胆均有聚集作用,Ⅰ型和Ⅳ型模型礁对幼鲍的聚集效果较好,最高聚集率可达60%和53%;Ⅰ型模型礁对幼海胆的聚集效果较好,最高聚集率可达53%。     

机器学习在近红外光谱法判别鲍鱼品种研究中的应用

为解决市场上鲍鱼产品缺乏科学分类方法的问题,利用近红外光谱分析技术结合机器学习方法对鲍鱼快速分类进行研究,使用MicroNIRTM1700便携式近红外光谱仪采集3种鲍鱼,即绿盘鲍(25只)、红壳鲍(31只)、皱纹盘鲍(35只)的光谱数据,采用CART算法建立鲍鱼分类决策树模型,以模型对测试集样本的预测准确率衡量决策树模型优劣,分裂策略为在每个节点处选择Gini不纯度最大的方式进行分裂,通过交叉验证控制决策树深度。结果表明,对训练集180条光谱建立模型,采用5折交叉验证,模型准确率为90.00%,对测试集93条光谱的预测准确率为90.32%。本研究方法可以很好地区分绿盘鲍、红壳鲍和皱纹盘鲍,满足鲍鱼现场快速分类的需求。     

皱纹盘鲍与光棘球海胆筏式混养研究

皱纹盘鲍与光棘球海胆的混养可有效地防治污损生物的附着。综合分析鲍与海胆的生长、存活及防污损生物附着的效果,在生长期、高温期和恢复生长期混养海胆的最适密度分别为１５．２０个／格和１５－２０个／格。     

Shell marking by artificial feeding of the tropical abalone Haliotis asinina Linne juveniles for sea ranching and stock enhancement

A method of marking abalone (Haliotis asinina Linne) for sea ranching and stock enhancement purposes was developed. Three‐month‐old abalone juveniles (11.8‐mm shell length, 0.28 g) were fed artificial diets for 1, 2, or 3 weeks. The width of the bluish‐green shell band produced by abalone juveniles was 1.7, 2.6, and 4.2 mm after 1, 2, or 3 weeks of feeding respectively. The growth and survival of juveniles fed artificial diets did not differ from that of juveniles fed the seaweed Gracilariopsis bailinae (control). Feeding the diet‐fed juveniles with the seaweed thereafter produced the natural brownish shell, thus forming a sandwiched bluish‐green band. An experimental release in outdoor tanks with natural growth of seaweeds and diatoms, and in a marine reserve showed that the shell band remained clear and distinct, indicating the usefulness of this shell marking method in sea ranching and stock enhancement of abalone.     

不同海域鲍体镉分布特征与健康风险评价

文章对中国部分海域鲍体镉（cd）的质量分数与分布特征进行了分析讨论,并对鲍体cd对人体的健康风险进行了评价。结果表明,1）鲍体W（Cd）总体上呈正态分布,其平均值为0．88mg·kg^-1,变化范围为0．06-1 2．02mg·kg^-1,其中广东、福建、山东和辽宁海域鲍体W（Cd）分别为（0．42±0．21）mg·kg^-1、（0．61±0．27）mg·kg^-1、（1．21±0．35）mg·kg^-1和（1．52±0．20）mg·kg^-1,不同海域鲍体W（Cd）差异显著（P〈0．05）。2）鲍体W（Cd）高于鱼类、头足类和甲壳类海洋生物,与贝类产品埘（Cd）相当;鲍体W（Cd）与栖息环境中cd的污染程度有密切关系。3）鲍体cd对人体的致癌性年风险指数低于国际辐射防护委员会推荐的风险水平,通过鲍膳食途径的人体cd暴露量低于世界卫生组织／联合国粮食和农业组织的食品添加剂联合专家委员会推荐的暂定每周耐受摄人量推荐值。研究结果对于鲍的健康养殖和安全消费具有指导意义。     

鲍活体倍性检测技术的研究

在生物有机体中,一个细胞核中所含的DNA总量对于某种类有机体是一定的。利用流式细胞仪(FCM)测量细胞中的DNA含量,可以用来鉴别有机体的倍性。本研究分别取杂交鲍[即皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai)×盘鲍(Haliotis.discus discus)]的一小块触手、足肌,设计不同的振荡时间、不同的DAPI染色时间、不同的取样部位,制备成不同的细胞悬液检查样品;用PA-Ⅱ型倍体分析仪测定其倍性,以探讨其对倍性检测效果的影响。试验结果表明:振荡的最适时间为1.5～2.0 min,染色的最适时间为4.0～5.0 min;取材部位的不同对检测结果无显著影响。