氨基糖苷类药物抗生素后效应的研究进展

对氨基糖苷类药物抗生素后效应的产生机制、体内外的研究方法、影响因素及常用氨基糖苷类药物抗生素后效应的研究现状进行概述,为评价氨基糖苷类药物的药效学指标和在兽医临床的合理应用提供理论基础。     

西藏地区牦牛源沙门菌耐药表型和基因型相关性分析及分子特征分析

为分析当前西藏地区牦牛源沙门菌耐药性与分子特征，本研究对源自西藏地区内的30株沙门菌牦牛粪便分离株，采用药敏纸片法测定相关菌株对β-内酰胺类，喹诺酮类和氨基糖苷类三大类共22种抗生素的耐药情况；采用PCR扩增的方式检测bla-_TEM、bla-_CTX和bla-_CMY等18种耐药基因，并采用卡方检验（Chi-square test）和费希尔精确检验（Fisher）分析耐药表型和耐药基因携带情况的相关性，将相关耐药基因进行扩增测序，并应用序列综合分析软件（CLC Sequence Viewer 7.5和MAGA7.0）分析β-内酰胺类耐药基因（bla-_TEM）和氨基糖苷类耐药基因（armA）编码翻译相关的氨基酸关键位置点位差异与耐药性的关系。结果表明：1）分离的30株沙门菌对于β-内酰胺类存在比较严重耐药现象，30株沙门菌对苯唑西林（OX）耐药占比最多，为60%，对青霉素（PG）、哌拉西林（PRL）、阿莫西林（AMX）、氨苄西林（AM）、羧苄西林（CB）、头孢氨苄（CN）、头孢呋辛（CXM）、头孢曲松（CRO）、头孢拉定（RAD）、头孢他啶（CAZ）、头孢哌酮（CFP）和头孢唑林（CZO）耐药率分别为56.67%、43.33%、40.00%、53.33%、53.33%、46.67%、56.67%、53.33%、50.00%、46.67%、56.67%和30.00%；对喹诺酮药物均为敏感；对氨基糖苷类药物中的链霉素（SM），耐药率为60.00%，卡那霉素（KAN）、妥布霉素（CAS）、阿米卡星（AKM）耐药率分别为13.33%、33.33%和30.00%。2）30株沙门菌的优势耐药谱型为PG/OX/PRL/AMX/AM/CB/SM。3）β-内酰胺类相关的耐药基因bla-_TEM携带率较高（53.30%，16/30），且bla-_TEM与β-内酰胺类药物对青霉素（PG）、苯唑西林（OX）、哌拉西林（PRL）、阿莫西林（AMX）、氨苄西林（AM）、羧苄西林（CB）、头孢氨苄（CN）、头孢呋辛（CXM）、头孢拉定（RAD）、头孢他啶（CAZ）和头孢哌酮（CFP）的耐药性相关性，呈现出显著相关（P＜0.05），氨基糖苷类相关耐药基因armA携带率为60%（18/30），且与妥布霉素（CAS）、链霉素（SM）、阿米卡星（AKM）的耐药性相关性，呈现出显著相关（P＜0.05）。4）部分bla-_TEM和armA编码翻译的氨基酸存在可能与沙门菌耐药能力有关的差异位点。综上，西藏地区沙门菌对β-内酰胺类药物和氨基糖苷类耐药情况形势十分严峻，西藏地区沙门菌对β-内酰胺类药物和氨基糖苷类药物耐药率高的原因是因为其携带耐药基因bla-_TEM和armA，且与氨基酸位点突变有关。本研究为加强对西藏地区牦牛源沙门菌耐药性监测提供理论依据。     

病犬大肠杆菌16S rRNA甲基化酶基因检测研究

摘要：为了解郑州市发病犬大肠杆菌对氨基糖苷类药物高度耐药的16S rRNA甲基化酶流行情况,本研究测定了分离自河南郑州市宠物医院发病犬的123株大肠杆菌对氨基糖苷类代表药物阿米卡星的敏感性;分别设计6种16S rRNA甲基化酶基因特异性引物,对耐药分离株进行16S rRNA甲基化酶基因PCR扩增检测。检测结果显示,在发病犬大肠杆菌中仅检测到armA和rmtB,其检出率分别为3.25%（4/123）和38.2%（47/123）。其中,有3.25%（4/123）的大肠杆菌可同时检测到armA和rmtB。这些结果提示,此地区发病犬大肠杆菌16S rRNA甲基化酶基因以rmtB为主。病犬细菌一旦携带这些耐药基因,可导致对氨基糖苷类药物高度耐药,应引起重视。     

鱼源温和气单胞菌对氨基糖苷类和四环素类抗生素的耐药性分析

为探究温和气单胞菌对氨基糖苷类和四环素类抗生素的耐药性,试验采用PCR法检测10株来源不同的鱼源温和气单胞菌对氨基糖苷类抗生素的4种耐药基因（aph（3'）-Ⅱa、ant（3″）-Ⅰa、aac（6'）-Ⅰb、aac（3）-Ⅱa）及四环素类抗生素的3种耐药基因（tetA、tetC、tetM）的表达情况,并利用K-B纸片扩散法对6种抗生素进行耐药表型分析。结果显示,10株温和气单胞菌对氨基糖苷类耐药基因aph（3'）-Ⅱa、ant（3″）-Ⅰa、aac（6'）-Ⅰb的检出率分别为20%、30%、20%,未检测出aac（3）-Ⅱa基因;对四环素类的耐药基因tetA、tetC、tetM的检出率分别为70%、20%、60%。K-B纸片扩散法结果显示,10株菌对四环素耐药率最高,对链霉素敏感,对庆大霉素、卡那霉素、多西环素、米诺环素高度敏感。结果表明,本次分离的温和气单胞菌对氨基糖苷类和四环素类抗生素具有一定的耐药性,为深入了解温和气单胞菌的耐药机制提供参考。     

氨基糖苷类药物的危害及其检测方法研究进展

氨基糖苷类药物是一个种类丰富的抗生素类别,因其能防治某些动物性疾病且能促进动物的生长发育,在养殖业中应用广泛。但长期高剂量使用该类药物,会因其降解困难对环境造成危害,并且可通过食物链传递给人。该类药物能够在人体内蓄积,从而产生耳毒性、肾毒性等危害。因此,检测食物中氨基糖苷类药物的残留十分必要。对氨基糖苷类药物的危害及其检测方法进行综述,并对其未来发展方向进行展望。     

Detection of Resistance to Aminoglycoside Antibiotics and Four Resistance Genes of Canine Escherichia coli

The objective of this paper was to investigate the drug resistance of canine Escherichia coli (E.coli) strains and the carrying rates of four resistance genes,and explore the relationship between resistance phenotypes and resistance genes.This article chose the aminoglycoside antibiotics including gentamicin,amikacin,spectinomycin and tobramycin to carry out the antibiotics sensitivity test.According to the established PCR assays,we detected the molecular characteristics of the 156 strains of isolates.The positive fragments of four kinds of resistance genes were cloned and sequenced,and the relationships between antibiotics sensitivity test and the resistance genes were analyzed.The results showed that the resistance rates of canine E.coli strains to gentamycin,tobramycin,spectinomycin and amikacin were 55.8%,32.7%,25.0% and 20.5%,respectively.The detection rates of resistance genes aacC2,aphA3, aadA and aacC4 were 55.8%,26.3%,23.1% and 9.0%,respectively.Two strains carried all four kinds of resistance genes,eight strains carried two kinds of resistance genes,and the strains carried two or more resistance genes accounted for 40.4% (63/156).The sequence analysis showed that the amplified gene fragments had higher homology compared with the sequences from GenBank.The main resistance gene in canine E.coli was aacC2 and there was a positive correlation between resistance rates and resistance genes compliance rate.     

动物源性食品中氨基糖苷类药物残留检测方法研究进展

氨基糖苷类药物是畜牧业中广泛应用的一类抗生素,在动物源性食品中的残留可能给人体健康带来严重危害.综述了动物源性食品中氨基糖苷类药物残留的主要检测方法,并展望了其发展方向.     

液相色谱-四极杆-静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱法测定牛奶中8种氨基糖苷类抗生素残留

建立了一种测定牛奶中链霉素、双氢链霉素、庆大霉素、大观霉素、新霉素、卡那霉素、阿米卡星和安普霉素8种氨基糖苷类药物的液相色谱-四极杆-静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱方法。样品经提取和分子印迹固相萃取柱净化,新型“液态分离池”Obelisc R色谱柱分离,1%甲酸水溶液与1%甲酸乙腈溶液作为流动相梯度洗脱,四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱准确定性并定量。8种待测组分均获得足够的色谱保留和分离,在各自浓度范围内呈现良好的线性关系,相关系数(R²)均大于0.99,定量限在0.5～20μg/kg之间,平均回收率在68.0%～104.6%之间,批内与批间RSD均不高于11.3%。该法区别于传统方法：不添加离子对试剂,不使用含缓冲盐流动相,最大限度减少了对质谱检测器的污染;采用高分辨质谱检测器定性定量,结果准确可靠;灵敏度较现行国标显著提高。该方法具有良好的可操作性和重现性,适用于牛奶中氨基糖苷类药物的快速筛查、定性筛选和定量测定。     

Adverse effects of polymyxin B administration to healthy horses

BackgroundPolymyxin B (PolyB) is used to treat endotoxemia in horses; neurologic and nephrogenic adverse effects occur in humans.ObjectivesTo describe PolyB adverse effects in horses.AnimalsFive healthy horses (ataxia 0/5), 1 horse with cervical osteoarthritis (ataxia 1/5).MethodsProspective blinded randomized cross‐over trial; 3‐weeks wash out. Horses received PolyB (PolyB 6000 IU/kg IV, 7 doses q12h, n = 6) and PolyB/gentamicin (PolyB 6000 IU/kg IV, q12h 7 doses; gentamicin 10 mg/kg IV q24h 4 doses n = 4, or q12‐24 h 5 doses because of an additional erroneous dose, n = 2). Daily neurological examinations were video recorded, and ataxia graded by 3 observers. Urine status, urinary GGT/creatinine ratio, plasma creatinine, and urea were assessed every other day, EMG daily. Mixed model analysis was used to evaluate factors associated with ataxia grade and [PolyB].ResultsMedian ataxia score increased from 0/5 (range 0‐2/5) to 2/5 (range 1‐3/5) during administration and declined to 0.5/5 (range 0‐2/5) after cessation. Gentamicin co‐administration (P < .01, effect size: .8), number of PolyB doses (P < .001, effect size: .6), and time since last PolyB dose (P < .001, effect size: .5) had a significant effect on ataxia grades, while horse, day, [Genta], [PolyB], and [PolyB]_CSF did not. Gentamicin co‐administration and [Genta] C_peak had no effect on median [PolyB] C_peak (4.67 and 4.89 μg/ml for PolyB and PolyB/gentamicin, respectively). Urinary GGT/creatinine ratio was elevated in 3/6 horses receiving PolyB/gentamicin. The EMG remained unchanged.Conclusions and Clinical ImportancePolyB caused transient ataxia, worsening with cumulative PolyB doses and gentamicin co‐administration. Nephrotoxicity of PolyB was only evident when gentamicin was co‐administered.