温度和湿度对二化螟存活率与繁殖力影响的回归模型

在室内恒温、恒湿条件下系统观察了不同温湿度对二化螟存活率与繁殖力的影响。结果表明:温度和湿度对二化螟各虫态的存活率和成虫的繁殖力有显著的影响,生长发育最适宜的温度为28℃,相对湿度为85%~90%。二化螟各虫态存活率和成虫繁殖力与温度、湿度均呈二次抛物线关系。分别建立了二化螟各虫态的存活率和成虫的繁殖力的回归预测模型。     

低剂量吡虫啉对多异瓢虫捕食及繁殖的影响

[目的]研究低剂量的吡虫啉药剂对多异瓢虫捕食力及繁殖的影响,为指导田间合理用药提供科学依据。[方法]采用艾美乐70%水分散粒剂和20%扑虱蚜可湿性粉剂两种吡虫啉药剂,研究了不同低剂量吡虫啉农药的配比对多异瓢虫捕食、捕食功能反应、生殖力的影响。[结果]扑虱蚜浓度配比为1∶2 000,多异瓢虫完全取食率最低,比无农药环境下减少约13%。多异瓢虫的捕食量以施用1∶50 000的艾美乐农药时最大,取食时间仅为不施药状态下的29%。在低剂量农药环境下多异瓢虫的繁殖力有一定的降低。在1∶10 000、1∶20 000的艾美乐溶液和1∶2 000的扑虱蚜药液作用下,产卵量显著低于不施药状态。[结论]吡虫啉为低毒农药,对多异瓢虫有较高的选择性。在大田使用时可考虑适当降低浓度,以提高多异瓢虫的捕食能力,减少农药的污染。     

茄二十八星瓢虫产卵观察

［目的］ 观察茄二十八星瓢虫成虫在实验室自然条件下的产卵情况。［方法］ 在实验室自然条件下,以龙葵叶饲养茄二十八星瓢虫直至雌虫死亡,每天观察产卵情况并记录产卵量,最后对观察结果进行统计分析。［结果］ 茄二十八星瓢虫雌虫的实际产卵天数平均为19.0 d,平均寿命为56.3 d,即实际产卵天数约占其寿命的1/3;其产卵前期平均为6.1 d,最长为13.0 d,最短为3.0 d;其产卵期平均为44.0 d,最长为59.0 d,最短为16.0 d;每雌一生的产卵总数平均为618.0粒,最多为791.0粒,最少为263.0粒,产卵期的平均每天产卵数为14.0粒,按实际产卵天数计算的每天产卵数为32.5粒。茄二十八星瓢虫产卵呈现一定的间歇性,大部分间歇时间为2-3 d,最长间歇时间为10 d。茄二十八星瓢虫在第1、2、3、4周分别平均产卵73.0、120.0、156.6和76.0粒。［结论］ 该研究为茄二十八星瓢虫的田间防治提供了一定的指导依据。     

Population demography and fecundity do not decline with habitat fragmentation in the rainforest tree Macadamia integrifolia (Proteaceae)

Habitat fragmentation is often associated with reduced levels of fitness and local extinction of plant species, and consequently poses a major threat to the persistence of species worldwide. The majority of demography-based fragmentation studies to date have focussed primarily on fragmentation impacts on individual plant fecundity. Here we investigate the impact of habitat fragmentation on the demography (plant height classes and density) and key population dynamic processes for the rainforest tree species Macadamia integrifolia (Proteaceae). Raceme and fruit production and seedling emergence across fragmented sites exceeded that in more intact sites with no apparent difference in short-term mortality rates. Fecundity of flowering trees did not appear to be affected by fragmentation. Instead, overall reproductive output in fragmented sites was enhanced relative to undisturbed sites due to a higher proportion of reproductively active individuals. The probability of flowering and fruiting was negatively correlated with the projected foliage cover (PFC) surrounding individual trees, and average PFC was significantly lower in small and medium fragments, suggesting light availability as a potential contributor to the trends observed here.This study demonstrates that the short-term effects of habitat fragmentation on population viability may not necessarily be detrimental for some species, and highlights the importance of assessing not only the fecundity of flowering individuals but also the proportion of individuals reproducing within fragments.     

4种寄主植物上扶桑绵粉蚧发育历期和产仔量研究(英文)

[目的]研究寄主对扶桑绵粉蚧发育及繁殖的影响。[方法]观察了棉花、烟草、马铃薯、扶桑4种寄主上扶桑绵粉蚧发育历期和产仔量。[结果]取食4种寄主的扶桑绵粉蚧各虫态历期、世代历期、雌成虫繁殖能力均不同,棉花、烟草、马铃薯、扶桑上世代历期分别为30.2、28.2、37.3、27.7d,单雌总产仔量分别为626.0、417.2、552.5、183.2头。以棉花、烟草、马铃薯为食,扶桑绵粉蚧种群增殖能力增强。[结论]该研究为不同寄主植物上扶桑绵粉蚧的调查、预测预报和防治等提供参考依据。     

高温冲击对东亚小花蝽存活及生殖特性的影响

测定了在不同高温（39、41、43℃）下冲击1 h后,东亚小花蝽成虫存活率、产卵前期、产卵量、寿命等生殖特性指标的差异。结果表明：随着温度的升高,东亚小花蝽成虫的存活率从94.44%下降到68.89%;东亚小花蝽雌虫的产卵前期随温度升高而延长,25℃恒温条件下雌虫产卵前期平均为2.56 d,43℃高温处理1 h后延长至4.11 d;短时高温冲击显著降低东亚小花蝽成虫的单雌产卵量,25℃恒温条件下单雌产卵量平均为60.44粒,41℃冲击1 h后,其产卵量为24.10粒,43℃冲击1 h后仅为13.78粒;东亚小花蝽成虫寿命随温度的升高而降低,25℃恒温条件下,雌成虫寿命平均为15.33 d,而43℃高温冲击1 h后,雌虫寿命仅为8.11 d。以上结果表明,短时高温冲击导致东亚小花蝽生殖适应性下降。     

东海中部日本鲭(Scomber japonicus)产卵群体繁殖力特征

利用2010–2012年春季在东海中部获得的日本鲭产卵群体样品的生物学及繁殖力测定数据,对其群体结构、性腺指数GSI和繁殖力特征进行了研究。结果显示,目前东海中部日本鲭产卵群体年龄结构由1–5龄组成,以2–4龄占优势。日本鲭的个体绝对繁殖力为24770–734684粒,平均为(145575±10067)粒;纯体重相对繁殖力为175–1404 grain/g,平均为(524±24)grain/g;叉长相对繁殖力为102–2070 grain/mm,平均为(483±29)grain/mm。ANOVA分析结果显示,不同叉长组间的性腺指数GSI(F=2.34,P0.05)、绝对繁殖力(F=8.57,P0.01)和叉长相对繁殖力(F=5.59,P0.05)均有显著性差异,但体重相对繁殖力差异不明显(F=2.03,P0.05)。多元逐步线性回归和非线性回归分析显示,绝对繁殖力与体高、肝重关系密切。为了应对高强度的捕捞压力,日本鲭主要采用降低性成熟年龄,减小最小性成熟叉长和卵径、增加繁殖力等策略来维持种群的延续。     

Dynamics of Betula ermanni population in subalpine vegetation in Changbai Mountain, Northeast China

lntroductionNotonIyaretimberIinesthemostconspicuousvegetationboundaryinhighmountains,buttheyareaIsoanimportantecologicaIboundary(Bruce1996,Thomas1997).NowondersthenthosetimberIineshaveaIwaysattractedresearchersforbothscientificandpracticaIreasons.InChangbaiMountain,forexample,therestorationoftheclimatictimberlineandestabIishmentofanedectiveprotectiveforestarethetWoprincipalobjectivesofhigh-mountainfor-estmanagement.AIsointhisconnection,thepotentiaIresponseoftimberlinestoexpectedclimaticc…     

Influence of variable photoperiods on the feeding activity and fecundity of<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Galendromus occidentalis</Emphasis> (Nesbitt) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) under laboratory conditions

The influence of variable photoperiods on the feeding activity and fecundity of Galendromus occidentalis (Nesbitt) was studied on a diet of Tetranychus urticae Koch eggs. Starved G. occidentalis females were fed T. urticae eggs under ten 24-h light:dark regimes. Half of the tests started during photophase and the other half during scotophase. T. urticae eggs that were consumed and G. occidentalis eggs that were laid were counted at the end of each photophase and scotophase in a 24 h period. In general, G. occidentalis consumed more T. urticae eggs per h in the first phase of the experiment than in the second, regardless of whether the lights were on or off. In contrast to egg consumption, there were no statistical differences in the mean daily fecundity at the end of the 24-h periods. However, when the experiment was started during photophase, higher fecundity/h was encountered during scotophase than during the photophase. As a result, egg consumption rates were affected by photoperiods in both phases of the experiments. Logistic regression analysis revealed that variable photoperiods and egg consumption did not influence the fecundity of G. occidentalis.     

Effect of cultivation and within-field differences in soil conditions on feral Helianthus annuus growth in ridge-tillage maize

Differences in weed population dynamics with respect to within-field heterogeneity are not well documented despite increasing interest in site-specific management of agro-ecosystems. The focus of this study was to determine if mechanical weed management (cultivation) and/or soil factors help to explain observed within-field distributions of feral common sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). The ridges and furrows created by the ridge–tillage system adds additional microsites to existing spatial heterogeneity for soil characteristics such as soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration. Experimental areas were selected on the basis of naturally high or low SOC concentration. Cultivation resulted in 100% mortality of H. annuus seedlings growing in the middle of furrows. Cultivation of pre-emergence herbicide treated and no-herbicide ridges resulted in small but statistically significant ( = 0.05) reductions in seedling survival. No differences were detected in H. annuus canopy height, stem diameter, stem length, or vegetative biomass between high and low SOC environments. Neither total reproductive biomass (P = 0.49) nor the biomass of flowers near physiological maturity (an estimate of fecundity; P = 0.59) were affected by SOC environment. Late season H. annuus lodging was observed to reduce reproductive biomass. Juvenile plants that survived mechanical weed control efforts grew and produced reproductive biomass similarly across SOC environments. The lack of difference in vegetative and reproductive characteristics between high and low SOC environments suggests that SOC (or the edaphic conditions associated with greater or lesser SOC level) was not critical in contributing to the observed distribution of H. annuus from juvenile to flowering stages of growth within well-fertilized, irrigated agricultural habitats.