对中国猪育种工作中若干问题的探讨

猪的育种工作实际上是人类对猪在世代延续中的一种干预,已有几千年的历史。在中国,BLUP法选种并不是唯一的选种方法,也不是最好的选种方法。分子遗传标记辅助选择目前多数还在实验室内,应用于生产实际还很不成熟。常规选种仍是中国目前猪育种的重要方法,不可忽视。我国多元化的市场要求有多元化的育种目标,而多元化的育种目标要求有多元化的选种方法。在外种猪中适当引入我国地方猪种的血统是一种较好的育种技术路线。生物体(动物品种)遗传资源的"纯"与"杂"是相对的,从核苷酸序列的角度来看,地球上的生物体都是杂合的,没有2个生物体是完全相同的。一个品种永远处于动态平衡与变化之中。     

Comparison of genomic and traditional BLUP-estimated breeding value accuracy and selection response under alternative trait and genomic parameters

Accuracy of prediction of estimated breeding values based on genome-wide markers (GEBV) and selection based on GEBV as compared with traditional Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP) was examined for a number of alternatives, including low heritability, number of generations of training, marker density, initial distributions, and effective population size (Ne). Results show that the more the generations of data in which both genotypes and phenotypes were collected, termed training generations (TG), the better the accuracy and persistency of accuracy based on GEBV. GEBV excelled for traits of low heritability regardless of initial equilibrium conditions, as opposed to traditional marker-assisted selection, which is not useful for traits of low heritability. Effective population size is critical for populations starting in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium but not for populations started from mutation-drift equilibrium. In comparison with traditional BLUP, GEBV can exceed the accuracy of BLUP provided enough TG are included. Unfortunately selection rapidly reduces the accuracy of GEBV. In all cases examined, classic BLUP selection exceeds what was possible for GEBV selection. Even still, GEBV could have an advantage over traditional BLUP in cases such as sex-limited traits, traits that are expensive to measure, or can only be measured on relatives. A combined approach, utilizing a mixed model with a second random effect to account for quantitative trait loci in linkage equilibrium (the polygenic effect) was suggested as a way to capitalize on both methodologies.     

Genetic evaluation of laying performance in the Zatorska goose: contribution to the conservation programme

1. The aim of the study was to estimate the heritability of the laying performance in the cumulative and partial production of eggs and predict the breeding values of native Zatorska geese in a conservation programme using Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP) methodology. Second, the trajectory of the egg production curve was examined.

2. The data contain information about the laying performance of 1831 individuals in the first year of laying. To describe the trajectory of the laying performance, 10 mathematical models were tested. For the genetic parameter estimation of egg production, data from 1038 birds were used with a production higher than 20 eggs during the first season of laying.

3. The analysis of egg production was based on single and multi-trait models. Heritability, genetic and phenotypic correlations between phases of the laying performance as well as breeding values were estimated.

4. The best adaptation to the goose egg laying curve was the Ali and Schaeffer model. The estimates of heritability were 0.20 (0.06 SE) using the single-trait model and ranged from 0.12 to 0.24 using the multi-trait model.

5. The results suggest that the BLUP method can support the conservation programme.     

利用SAS估计动物BLUP育种值

本文简要介绍了BLUP的数学背景、用于BLUP计算的SAS程序模块使用方法和2个计算BLUP的程序示例。     

山西瘦肉型猪新品系(SD-Ⅰ系)6月龄体重遗传趋势分析

用混合模型ＢＬＵＰ法对山西瘦肉型猪新品系（ＳＤ Ⅰ系）选育过程中０～４世代４０头公猪的４４７头后裔６月龄体重进行了遗传趋势评估。结果表明：群体平均育种值随世代的增加而增加,说明ＳＤ Ⅰ系猪选育过程中所采取的育种措施是有效的。各世代间环境条件基本一致,且除０世代外,对表型值都有正的效应。继续进行选育,６月龄体重尚有提高的可能。     

福瑞鲤选育家系不同养殖阶段的生长差异分析

为了进一步观察最佳线性无偏预测(best linear unbiased prediction,BLUP)家系选育方法在福瑞鲤(Cyprinus carpio)继代选育中的潜力,该研究测量了继续选育第2代家系群体不同养殖阶段的体质量和形态性状。结果表明,生长快速家系群福瑞鲤早期(4月龄)生长速度较慢,到后期则生长加快,其体质量增长表现出明显的优势。在体型方面,随着养殖时间的延长,福瑞鲤各选育家系群的体厚/体长增加,体高/体长降低,逐渐呈现其体型修长的特征;同时2个越冬期的成活率均达到了94%以上。结果表明通过BLUP家系选育对福瑞鲤长期选育是可行的。在此基础上,通过主成分分析发现,福瑞鲤生长性状第一主成分是体质量;对不同生长时期的体质量进行相关性分析,发现9月龄、14月龄、21月龄鱼的体质量与24月龄的相关系数均达到极显著水平(P0.01),分别为0.851、0.897和0.957。因此,在福瑞鲤继续选育过程中,进行早期个体选择值得尝试。     

动物模型BLUP法估计内蒙古白绒山羊育种值的研究

应用动物模型BLUP法估计了阿尔巴斯白绒山羊种羊场1989-1998年共10个年度3 981只个体的抓绒量和体重的单性状育种值,以及这两个性状的综合育种值.在模型中考虑的固定效应有年龄效应和性别-群体-年度效应、随机效应有个体的加性效应和个体永久性环境效应.比较育种值选择与表型值选择的结果表明:①公羔依据断乳重选择与依据育种值选择的结果差异较大;②育成母羊依据表型值选择与依据综合育种值选择的结果差异极显著(P<0.01);③育成公羊依据表型值选择与依据综合育种值选择的结果差异极显著(P<0.01);④种公羊依据抓绒量和体重的表型值选择结果分别与依据各自性状育种值选择结果的秩相关均未达到显著水平(P>0.05).研究表明:内蒙古白绒山羊应用个体表型值选种存在准确性较差的缺点;动物模型BLUP法适合用于内蒙古白绒山羊的选种.并根据生产实际情况提出了一套选择种公羊的具体方法.     

The impact of truncating data on the predictive ability for single‐step genomic best linear unbiased prediction

Simulated and swine industry data sets were utilized to assess the impact of removing older data on the predictive ability of selection candidate estimated breeding values (EBV) when using single‐step genomic best linear unbiased prediction (ssGBLUP). Simulated data included thirty replicates designed to mimic the structure of swine data sets. For the simulated data, varying amounts of data were truncated based on the number of ancestral generations back from the selection candidates. The swine data sets consisted of phenotypic and genotypic records for three traits across two breeds on animals born from 2003 to 2017. Phenotypes and genotypes were iteratively removed 1 year at a time based on the year an animal was born. For the swine data sets, correlations between corrected phenotypes (Cp) and EBV were used to evaluate the predictive ability on young animals born in 2016–2017. In the simulated data set, keeping data two generations back or greater resulted in no statistical difference (p‐value > 0.05) in the reduction in the true breeding value at generation 15 compared to utilizing all available data. Across swine data sets, removing phenotypes from animals born prior to 2011 resulted in a negligible or a slight numerical increase in the correlation between Cp and EBV. Truncating data is a method to alleviate computational issues without negatively impacting the predictive ability of selection candidate EBV.     

BLUP法在肉羊育种中的应用研究

本文从BLUP(最优线性无偏预测)方法的形成、发展以及在肉羊育种中的应用和今后的发展方向等方面进行了比较详尽的阐述。     

应用BLUP法估计奶山羊产奶性能的遗传趋势

应用最佳线性无偏预测法(BLUP法)估计了西农莎能奶山羊(简称西农羊)群1960～1985年间的遗传趋势(Genetic Trend),结果为这26年间羊群产奶性能的平均遗传趋势等于7.2千克/年,表明过去对这群羊的选育是卓有成效的。