Metal‐Associated Forms and Speciation in Biosolid‐Amended Oxisols

Abstract

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of pH and ionic strength on the distribution and speciation of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and cadmium (Cd) in surface soil samples from two Brazilian Oxisols amended with biosolids. Soils and biosolids were equilibrated in an experimental dual‐chamber diffusion apparatus that permits the soils and biosolids to react through a solution phase via diffusion across a membrane. After equilibrium was reached, soil and biosolids samples were sequentially fractionated to identify various solid forms of Zn, Cu, and Cd. Metal concentrations in the solution phase were determined and mass balance calculated. Equilibrating pH had no major effect on Cu solubility from biosolids and, at pH range from 4 to 7, most Cu remained in the biosolids. Soluble Zn and Cd concentration increased with decreasing pH because of the increased solubility of the biosolids. Copper and Zn were primarily associated with the residual fraction and Fe oxides in one soil, but were primarily associated with chemically unstable fractions, or adsorbed to the surface of oxides, in the other soil. In both soils, Cd was primarily associated with readily bioavailable fractions. The effect of pH on the metal distribution was more evident than the ionic strength effect. Free ions were the predominant metal species in solution, especially at lower pH values.     

锌对5—15周龄鹅免疫、抗氧化功能、金属硫蛋白-Ⅰ基因表达量的影响及变量相关性分析

【目的】研究不同水平锌对5—15周龄鹅免疫抗氧化功能与金属硫蛋白-Ⅰ(MT-I)m RNA表达量的影响及相互关系,以科学地确定鹅饲粮中锌的需要量。【方法】试验随机选用29日龄体重相近的青农灰鹅360只(P0.05),设计6个处理,每处理6次重复,每重复10只(公母各半);各处理饲粮中锌水平分别为:27.46(Ⅰ组)、77.46(Ⅱ组)、127.46(Ⅲ组)、177.46(Ⅳ组)、227.46(Ⅴ组)、277.46(Ⅵ组)mg·kg-1(基础饲粮中含锌),试验进行11周。【结果】(1)胸腺指数、脾脏指数和法氏囊指数受饲粮中锌水平的影响,随锌水平的升高呈现先升高后降低趋势;当锌水平为127.46 mg·kg-1时,胸腺指数最高(P0.05);当锌水平为77.46 mg·kg-1时,脾脏指数、法氏囊指数最高(P0.05)。(2)饲粮锌水平为177.46 mg·kg-1时,鹅副黏病毒疫苗免疫后7日的抗体滴度最高(P0.05);饲粮锌水平为157.41 mg·kg-1时,鹅副黏病毒疫苗免疫后14日的抗体滴度最高(P0.05)。(3)当饲粮锌水平为153.84 mg·kg-1时,鹅血清和肝脏总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)活性最高(P0.01);当饲粮中含锌127.46 mg·kg-1时,血清和肝脏过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性最高(P0.01);当饲粮锌水平为148.33 mg·kg-1时,鹅血清和肝脏谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性最高(P0.05);当饲粮中含锌148.33 mg·kg-1时,血清和肝脏铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(Cu Zn-SOD)活性最高(P0.01);当饲粮中锌水平为177.46 mg·kg-1时,血清和肝脏中丙二醛(MDA)最低(P0.05)。(4)饲粮中锌能显著提高MT-I m RNA表达量(P0.05),当饲粮中锌水平为177.46 mg·kg-1时,肝脏MT-I m RNA表达量最高(P0.01)。(5)肝脏中MT-I m RNA表达量与肝脏中T-AOC(r=0.94)、Cu Zn-SOD(=r 0.97)活性指标呈极显著性正相关(P0.01),与CAT(r=0.85)、GSH-Px(r=0.89)活性呈显著正相关(P0.05),与MDA呈负相关(r=-0.70,P0.05);肝脏中MT-I m RNA表达量与血清中T-AOC(r=0.99)、CAT(r=0.92)和Cu Zn-SOD(r=0.94)活性均呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与GSH-Px呈正相关(r=0.81,P0.05),与MDA呈负相关(r=-0.39,P0.05)。【结论】(1)饲粮中适宜水平锌能够促进鹅免疫器官发育,增强T-AOC、CAT、GSH-Px、Cu Zn-SOD抗氧化酶活性,降低MDA水平。(2)饲粮中锌能够干预肝脏MT-I m RNA表达量,从而调节机体抗氧化能力。(3)鹅饲粮中锌水平在77—150 mg·kg-1范围内机体处于高位免疫和抗氧化状态。     

饲料锌在育肥猪粪尿中的排泄规律研究

为研究饲料锌在育肥猪粪尿中的排泄规律,建立饲料锌摄入量与锌排泄量的预测模型,试验选用健康、体重相近的约克夏去势育肥公猪20头,随机分成5组,每组4个重复,每个重复1头猪,单独饲养于代谢笼中。对照A组饲喂基础日粮,锌添加量为0,试验B、C、D、E组分别饲喂在基础日粮中添加20、40、60、80 mg/kg锌的试验日粮(硫酸锌形式)。预试期7 d,正试期4 d。结果表明:(1)与对照组相比,除试验B组外,其他试验各组风干粪锌含量和粪锌日排泄总量随日粮锌添加水平或日粮总锌水平增加显著升高(P<0.05);经回归分析,日粮锌添加水平或日粮总锌水平与风干粪锌含量和粪锌日排泄总量存在极显著的线性回归关系(P<0.01),可用所建立的回归方程进行预测和控制。(2)各组尿锌含量和尿锌日排泄总量均无显著差异(P>0.05);经回归分析,日粮锌添加水平或日粮总锌水平与尿锌含量和尿锌日排泄总量无显著回归关系(P>0.05)。综上,日粮中多余的锌主要通过消化道从粪中排泄,可根据日粮中锌水平预测粪锌排泄量,从源头上控制锌对环境的污染。     

军曹鱼幼鱼日粮锌最适添加量的研究

试验选用234尾军曹鱼随机分为6个处理,每处理设3个重复,每重复13尾鱼,采用单因素浓度梯度法研究军曹鱼幼鱼商品饲料中锌的最适添加量。在基础日粮(锌含量为75.47mg/kg)中分别添加锌0、30、70、110、150和190mg/kg,制成6种试验日粮,分别投喂军曹鱼幼鱼6周。试验结果表明,基础日粮组鱼成活率、饲料系数、特定生长率、血清碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性、肌肉和血清锌含量与添加锌组无显著差异(P>0.05)。添加锌组骨骼和肝脏锌含量与基础日粮组差异显著(P<0.05),表现为随锌添加的增加而上升的趋势。以成活率和特定生长率为评价指标,军曹鱼商品日粮中的锌含量可以满足其正常生长需求,不需要额外添加锌。     

石灰性褐土中磷锌镉相互作用对其有效性的影响

采用室内培养的方法,研究了石灰性褐土中磷、锌、镉相互作用对土壤中磷、锌、镉有效性的影响。结果表明：（1）磷锌共同培养时,施锌提高了土壤速效磷含量,且随培养时间的延长而降低。在相同锌浓度处理下,土壤中的有效锌含量随施磷量的增加而增加,不同锌浓度处理下,有效锌含量随土壤培养时间的延长而显著降低。（2）磷镉共同培养时,施镉对土壤速效磷含量影响不明显;施磷降低了有效镉含量,但效果不显著;且都随时间的延长而降低。（3）锌镉共同培养时,在培养的前30d,土壤中有效锌含量随施镉浓度增加而降低,但在30d后,有效锌含量有增加的趋势。土壤中有效镉含量在不同锌-镉处理下随培养时间变化有较大差异：在Cd3处理下,加入高浓度锌后显著降低土壤有效镉含量;Cd30处理下,在培养前30d,锌的施入对土壤中有效镉含量影响不明显,但30d以后,土壤有效镉含量随施入锌浓度的增加而显著降低。说明两者的竞争机制随时间的延长发生变化,且施锌能明显降低镉的毒性。     

饲粮锌、硒和维生素E水平对后备母猪生长发育及生殖激素的影响

选择日龄、体况较一致的二元杂(长白×约克)后备母猪27头,采用L9(34)正交表安排试验,共9个试验组,每组3个重复。饲粮锌、硒和维生素E均设置3个水平,分别为:锌(45.0mg/kg,85.0mg/kg,125mg/kg);硒(0.10mg/kg,0.25mg/kg,0.40mg/kg);维生素E(15IU/kg,30IU/kg,45IU/kg),目的是研究饲粮微量元素锌、硒和维生素E对后备母猪生长发育和血清生殖激素参数的影响规律。结果表明在喂给含锌量85mg/kg,含硒量0.25mg/kg,含维生素E量45IU/kg饲粮时:(1)后备母猪的初次发情时间最早,分别为(187.4±6.6)d,(185.9±8.4)d,(189.1±7.3)d(P<0.05);(2)血清雌激素及孕激素浓度在不同日龄情况下均显示最高水平(P<0.05或P<0.10)。综合所考察的参数,后备母猪饲粮中含锌85mg/kg,含硒0.25mg/kg,含维生素E45IU/kg是适当的组合用量。     

锌钼营养对苦瓜产量、品质及叶片氮素代谢的影响

采用田间试验、植株生理生化测定方法,研究了锌钼营养对苦瓜（品种株洲长白）产量、品质及叶片氮素代谢的影响。结果表明:在土壤缺锌、钼的条件下,叶面喷施一定范围质量浓度配比的硫酸锌和钼酸钠均可显著提高苦瓜产量,并可提高苦瓜蛋白质、可溶性糖、维生素C（Vc）和17种氨基酸,尤其是人体必需氨基酸含量,降低NO3-含量,改善苦瓜品质;锌钼营养还可提高叶片蛋白质、核酸含量以及硝酸还原酶（NR）活性,并降低游离氨基酸、NO3-含量和核糖核酸酶（RNase）活性。在对叶片氮素代谢的影响程度上,锌和钼的作用存在一定的差异,且锌和钼呈现相互促进作用。苦瓜产量与叶片NR活性,叶片蛋白质与硝酸还原酶活性、核酸含量呈极显著正相关,而苦瓜产量与叶片RNase活性、叶片蛋白质与游离氨基酸、叶片核酸与RNase活性、叶片NO3-含量与硝酸还原酶活性等两两相互间则呈极显著负相关。讨论了锌钼对苦瓜品质和氮代谢的影响机理。      

Accumulation of Zinc and Molar Ratio of Phytic Acid and Zinc during Maize Grain Maturation

Dynamics of the accumulation of total ash and zinc, and their relationships with total dry matter, crude proteins and phytic acid during maize grain maturation were investigated. The investigation was carried out on normal maize hybrids grown under the same topographical and agrotechnical conditions over two consecutive vegetation years.
The amount of total ash, expressed on fresh and dry matter bases, changed significantly (P = 0.05 and P = 0.01) during grain maturation depending on maturity stage and variety. The dynamics of the accumulation of ash in fresh grain matter during maturation as well as the ash amount in dry matter of mature grains were significantly affected by environmental conditions.
The accumulation of zinc in fresh matter of developing grain was significantly affected (P = 0.05 and P = 0.01) by the degree of grain maturity and by variety, and correlates significantly (P = 0.001) and positively with the deposition of total dry matter, crude proteins as well as with phytic acid in both vegetation years.
The molar ratio of phytic acid and zinc increased significantly during grain maturation indicating a possible decrease of zinc availability.     

Combined Effect of Zinc and Cadmium Levels on Root Antioxidative Responses in Three Different Zinc‐Efficient Wheat Genotypes

This work was undertaken to investigate the effect of zinc (Zn) nutrition on root antioxidative responses to cadmium (Cd) toxicity of three wheat genotypes differing in Zn efficiency. A hydroponic experiment was carried out in which two bread wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L. cvs. ‘Rushan’ and ‘Cross’) and one durum wheat genotype (Triticum durum L. cv. Durum) were exposed to three Zn²⁺ (10^?11.11, 10^?9.11 and 10^?8.81 μm ) and two Cd²⁺ (10^?11.21 and 10^?10.2 μm ) activity levels. ‘Durum’ showed the highest root sulfhydryl (‐SH) groups content and activity of catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the lowest root membrane permeability among the studied wheat genotypes. In ‘Durum’, Zn nutrition increased root ‐SH groups concentration of seedlings in Cd‐free nutrient solution. In ‘Cross’, as Zn²⁺ activity increased from 10^?11.11 to 10^?9.11 μm , root ‐SH groups concentration was increased while decreased with increasing Zn²⁺ to 10^?8.81 μm . Cadmium increased root membrane permeability at both 10^?11.11 and 10^?9.11 μm Zn²⁺ levels. Activity of CAT and APX increased in roots of ‘Durum’ plants exposed to Cd at Zn²⁺ = 10^?9.11 μm and thereafter decreased with increasing Zn²⁺ activity. In contrast, CAT and APX activity in roots of ‘Cross’ and ‘Rushan’ genotypes exposed to Cd decreased by increasing Zn activity to 10^?9.11 μm and then increased at Zn²⁺ = 10^?8.81μm . The results showed an increase in activities of antioxidative enzymes in Cd‐treated plants, although this increase was dependent on the crop genotype and Zn levels in the media.     

Effects of supplemental palygorskite instead of zinc oxide on growth performance,apparent nutrient digestibility and fecal zinc excretion in weaned piglets

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of dietary supplementation of palygorskite instead of zinc oxide (ZnO) on growth performance, apparent nutrient digestibility and zinc contents in serum and feces in weaned piglets. One hundred and sixty‐five piglets (28 days of age, 7.10 ± 0.86 kg) were allotted to five treatments on the basis of weight and sex. Each treatment included three replicates of 11 piglets. The piglets were fed the same basal diet supplemented with 0 mg/kg (control group), 1800 mg/kg, 2400 mg/kg, or 3000 mg/kg palygorskite or 2500 mg/kg ZnO for 28 days. There was no significant difference for incidence of diarrhea among the four treatments during the 0–14‐day feeding period. Compared with the control group, piglets offered diets supplemented with 1800 mg/kg palygorskite had higher (P < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and crude protein digestibility. Fecal digestibility of energy in 1800 mg/kg palygorskite and ZnO groups were higher (P < 0.05) than that in the control group. Both the zinc concentrations in serum and fecal zinc excretion in palygorskite groups and control group were all lower (P < 0.05) than that in the ZnO group. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 1800 mg/kg palygorskite can improve growth performance and nutrient digestibility and can also decrease zinc excretion in feces in weaned piglets.