棉花花铃期管理技术

花铃期是棉花一生中生长发育最关键的时期,深入了解该期棉花的生育特点及对外界环境条件的要求,对不同长势棉田进行系统分类,并制定出相应的田间管理关键技术措施。     

棉花NBS-LRR类基因RNA干扰载体的构建及烟草转化

【目的】初步获知棉花NBS-LRR类基因的生物学意义,构建干扰载体。【方法】以抗枯萎病棉花中棉12号为材料,用霍格兰营养液培养至三叶期,进行枯萎病菌接菌诱导处理,以不接菌为对照。利用cDNA-AFLP技术筛选差异基因片段,在GenBank中进行序列同源性比对,找到抗枯萎病基因片段,该基因片段的序列与GenBank中报道的序列同源性达到72%。将此基因片段以正向和反向插入到pPZP35S,经限制性酶切和质粒PCR鉴定。【结果】已成功构建了干扰载体。采用农杆菌侵染法将干扰载体转入烟草中。【结论】为研究棉花NBS-LRR类基因的功能打下基础,为通过转基因技术深入研究该基因在棉花抗病机理创造条件。     

天然绿色棉纤维色素理化性质研究

[目的]以天然绿色棉成熟纤维为材料,对纤维色素提取液进行理化性质及稳定性研究.[方法]采用溶剂、光照、pH值调节、金属离子和氧化及还原剂对色素进行处理.[结果]自然光照射致色素提取液颜色随时间变化变浅.常温下色素易溶于极性小的有机溶剂,难溶于极性大的溶剂.色素在pH5～9颜色稳定,Al3+、Fe3+、Cu2+、Fe2+、Ca2+离子导致色素颜色变化.耐氧化性和耐还原性处理前后色素溶液光谱扫描曲线均有明显变化.[结论]光照、pH值、部分金属离子、还原剂及氧化剂影响色素稳定性,且为脂溶性色素.     

陆地棉品系主要性状配合力分析

[目的]对陆地棉新品系主要性状进行详细了解和在新品种选育中指导亲本组配。[方法]按Griffing双列杂交方法Ⅳ对9个陆地棉新品系进行杂交,对获得的36个杂交组合单株皮棉产量、单株铃数、铃重、衣分、籽指、霜前花率、株高、果枝始节和果枝数9个性状进行了测定,根据测定结果对品系的配合力进行了分析。[结果]除籽指外,其余各性状在杂交组合之间均存在着极显著差异;除株高的一般配合力外,组合间各性状的一般配合力(GCA)和特殊配合力(SCA)差异显著。S801和S808是综合性状优良的陆地棉亲本,组合S801×S805和S802×S806有一定的生产利用价值。[结论]该研究可为杂交育种正确评价亲本和组合提供科学依据。     

不同土壤改良剂对滨海盐碱地棉苗光合特性及生长的影响

为探讨不同土壤改良剂对盐碱地棉花苗期光合特性及生长的影响,在滨海重度盐碱地棉田增施土壤改良剂沸石(FS)、石膏(SG)、生化制剂康地宝(KDB),测定棉花苗期叶面积指数(LAI)、光合特性、叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)以及干物质积累和分配情况,并对苗期0～40 cm土壤含盐量、含水率、土壤容重和pH值进行分层测定.结果表明,与无任何改良措施的对照(CK)相比,FS处理各土层含盐量均降至2.00 g/kg左右;SG处理各土层土壤容重降至1.12～1.45 g/cm3;KDB处理各土层含水率无明显降低,pH值下降至8.0以下.3个处理棉苗总干物质积累量增大15.6％～35.6％,叶片NPQ降低了7.3％～16.7％; FS处理下叶片LAI、干质量和光合参数分别增高59.3％、36.7％和31.8％～75.4％;SG处理根冠比增大78.6％;KDB处理SPAD值和Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、φPSⅡ、ETR、qP等参数分别增高21.9％和7.8％～55.5％.3种土壤改良剂均能明显改善滨海盐碱地棉苗光合特性及生长,但其影响方式不同:沸石显著降低了土壤含盐量,改善了叶片光合特性并促进其生长;石膏显著降低了土壤容重,提高了根冠比;康地宝有效保持了土壤水分并明显降低pH值,增加了叶片叶绿素含量并优化了叶绿素荧光参数.     

抗虫耐除草剂棉花生存竞争能力研究

本试验对抗虫耐除草剂棉花639017、当地棉花冀棉106在两种土壤类型条件下开展生存竞争能力研究。结果表明:正常播种条件下,抗虫耐除草剂棉花和冀棉106在大坝沙壤土出苗率低于5%,在试验基地壤土出苗率低于10%,两种土壤类型下,棉花覆盖度均远低于杂草覆盖度,棉花株高仅20 cm左右,未完成正常生长发育。在地表撒播试验中,试验棉花均未出苗。另外栽培地竞争试验中,抗虫耐除草剂棉花株高及产量均低于冀棉106,部分生育期差异显著。表明:外源基因的导入并未增强抗虫耐除草剂棉花的生存竞争能力,因此,抗虫耐除草剂棉花无杂草化风险。     

新疆棉田地下滴灌方式下土壤速效磷空间分布规律的研究

为探讨新疆棉田地下滴灌方式下土壤速效磷空间分布的规律,在棉花不同生育期采用 0.5 mol/L NaHCO3浸提-钼蓝比色法,从水平方向和垂直方向上测定棉田土壤速效磷(Olsen-P).研究分析后认为:垂直方向上,在棉花各生育期土壤速效磷含量的变化呈随着土层深度的增加而减小的趋势;随生育进程的推进,棉田各土层土壤速效磷呈逐渐下降的变化趋势 ;水平方向上,棉田各土层土壤速效磷的变化呈随着与滴灌带距离的增大而缓慢增加的趋势;随棉花生育进程的推进,水平方向土壤速效磷变化为逐渐减少的趋势.     

北疆棉花膜下滴灌耗水规律的研究

在3种灌溉量(2 850、3 900、4 950m3/hm2 )下研究了棉花膜下滴灌各生育期的耗水量与耗水强度.结果表明棉花的耗水量随着灌量的增加而增大,在北疆滴灌棉花适宜的灌溉量为3 900 m3/hm2,棉花最大蒸散量出现在花铃期,其中开花-吐絮期,耗水量240.96 mm,最大耗水时段为现蕾-吐絮,日均耗水量3.29～4.15 mm.棉花根系主要吸水层在0～60 cm土壤深度,高灌溉量棉花的吸水强度在0～40 cm大于低灌溉量,而在40～60 cm恰恰相反 .高灌溉量下棉花蕾期以前的土壤蒸发强度增大,干物质生产能力并没有相应增加,适当调节蕾期以前的灌溉量可以提高水分的利用效率.     

棉花黄萎病菌在土壤—植株微生态系中的分布

在土壤垂直分布中,棉花黄萎病菌主要分布于0~40cm耕作层中,占总菌量的90%多,而40cm以下土层中仅占总菌量的10%;在土壤水平分布中,棉花黄萎病菌随病害的加重,由聚积分布型转变为均匀分布型。在病株中,病菌分布也不均,叶脉>主茎>果枝。     

Response dynamics of three defense related enzymes in cotton leaves to the interactive stress of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) herbivory and omethoate application

In order to explore the response dynamics of the activities of defense related enzymes in cotton leaves towards the interactive stress of Helicoverpa armigera herbivory and omethoate application, the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL), lipoxygenase(LOX), and polyphenol oxidase(PPO) were examined from 6 to 126 h after cotton leaves were treated 12 h of H. armigera herbivory, and then sprayed with 800 mg L–1 omethoate. The results showed that the changes in the activities of PAL, LOX and PPO that occured under the interactive stress of H. armigera herbivory and omethoate application reflected the interactive effects of the two stresses on cotton defense. The similarity between the response dynamics of PAL, LOX, and PPO activities in cotton leaves under the interactive stress and that under H. armigera herbivory treatment alone showed that the induction of H. armigera herbivory on the activities of PAL, LOX and PPO in cotton leaves played a leading role in the interactive effects, and the effect of omethoate application played only a minor role. A joint factor analysis was performed according to a method which has been used to analyze the joint toxicity of pesticides; this analysis sought to clarify if there was a synergistic, antagonistic, or additive effect on PAL, LOX, and PPO activity in cotton leaves resulting from the interactive H. armigera herbivory and omethoate treatment. In the interactive effect on the response of PAL activity in cotton leaves, antagonistic effects of the omethoate application towards H. armigera herbivory were observed at 6 and 12 h. Synergistic effects were then observed at 18 and 30 h. Antagonistic effects were observed from 54 to 78 h and synergistic effects were finally observed at 126 h. The correlation between H. armigera herbivory and omethoate application in the interactive effect on cotton defense responses of LOX activity also fluctuated from synergism to antagonism during the time course. In the interactive effect on PPO activity, only antagonism was observed between H. armigera herbivory and omethoate application. In the interactive stress of H. armigera herbivory and omethoate application on cotton defense responses, omethoate affected the defense responses of cotton to H. armigera herbivory by producing antagonistic and synergistic effects. These results will be useful to understand the relationship between host plant and herbivorous pest.