Variation in pigment content of flour color in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Summary Variation in pigment content of the flour of bread wheats (Triticum aestivum L.) was studied in the progenies of F₁ and F₂ of three crosses and their reciprocals. Reciprocal differences in pigment content were observed in the F₁ and F₂ means. Low pigment content was found to be partially dominant or over dominant in the crosses studied. There was evidence of substantial mid-parent F₁ heterosis in all crosses and betterparent F₁ heterosis in three crosses. In the F₂, heritability estimates were moderate to high. The F₂ frequency distributions were not normal. Estimation of effective factor pairs indicated the presence of one or two major gene pairs involved in the expression of pigment content in the flour. Action of modifiers was also assumed in one cross and its reciprocal. A factorial approach to metrical character suggested that the F₂ segregation ratios of low pigment content to high pigment content were 3:1, 15:1, 13:3 and 9:7 for the different crosses. Utilization of the findings in a wheat breeding program is briefly discussed.     

Seedling emergence,coleoptile length,and plant height relationships in crosses of dwarf and standard-height wheats

Summary Seedling emergence was closely correlated with coleoptile length and plant height among parents, F₂ and F₃, populations of crosses involving dwarf wheats Olesen Dwarf (CI 14497), Norin 10 derivative D6301, Tom Thumb derivative D6899, and the standard-height varieties Ramona 50 and Nainari 60. Genetic mechanisms that governed plant height also influenced coleoptile length, but the relative effects of genes showing dominant or epistatic effects appeared to be different. With respect to the two parents involved in each of 15 crosses, mean F₂ coleoptile lengths were consistently closer to the low parent value than were corresponding mean F₂ plant heights. A slight curvilinear relationship was also found between coleoptile length and plant height of F₃ lines. The results suggest that selection of semidwarf wheats with long coleoptiles and improved emergence properties from crosses involving the dwarf wheats of this study would be unlikely.     

Hybrid grass-clump dwarfness in wheat: Physiology and genetics

Summary The growth of all grass-clump dwarfs is sensitive to temperature with low temperature giving rise to the grass-clump phenotype and high temperature producing normal phenotype. A continuous temperature of 26°C is required for normal growth of Type 1 dwarfs, a continuous temperature of 21°C is required for normal growth of Ty[e 2 dwarfs and a continuous temperature of 16°C is required for normal growth of Type 3 dwarfs.Genetic studies show that the inheritance of the grass-clump characteristic is due to three complementary dominant genes.The grass-clump growth habit is produced as a result of the temperature sensitivity of the apical meristem. In grass-clump plants low temperature treatment results in the cessation of cell division, DNA synthesis and phospholipid synthesis in the apical meristem. The primary temperature lesion has not been identified. Prolonged low temperature treatment of grass-clump plants results in extensive cell necrosis in a region just below the apical meristem; this cell death results in the permanent inactivation of the apical meristem.Supported in part by the National Research Council of Canada.     

长春种植冬小麦的越冬率和产量构成因素的分析

１９９３,１９９５,１９９６三年在长春种植６个冬小麦品种,观察和分析了冬小麦的基本苗数、茎数和穗数的表现,并对越冬率和产量构成因素进行了相关分析,结果表明,越冬率和穗数、穗数与产量均呈极显著的正相关,其它性状间相关未达到显著水平。通径分析结果表明,对产量的直接影响力穗数最大,越冬率最小。越冬率经穗数对产量的间接影响力为最大。     

不同虫态米象侵害对小麦蛋白理化和结构特性的影响

为探索不同虫态米象侵害对小麦蛋白品质的影响,该研究以米象侵害后的小麦为研究对象,对米象不同虫态（卵期、幼虫期、蛹期、成虫期）侵害后的小麦粗蛋白、尿酸、蛋白组分、湿面筋、面筋吸水量、乳酸溶剂保持力（solvent retention capacity,SRC）、蔗糖SRC、巯基（-SH）、二硫键（-S-S-）、蛋白质二级结构、面筋蛋白显微结构以及制成全麦面条的色泽和质构特性等进行测定与分析。结果表明,米象的侵害会使小麦蛋白的理化特性和形态结构变差。随着米象的生长发育,小麦籽粒中粗蛋白的含量显著上升,湿面筋、面筋吸水量,乳酸SRC、蔗糖SRC,- SH和- SS -的含量下降,小麦蛋白组分和二级结构比例发生显著变化(P<0.05),小麦的食用品质和营养价值降低。面筋蛋白显微结构显示：随着米象在小麦籽粒内部生长发育,面筋表面粗糙程度加重,断裂面和毛刺增多,到达成虫期后,部分面筋结构已经严重断裂,无法识别。制成全麦面条后,面条的色泽加深,L*值、蒸煮损失率增大,a*值、b*值、硬度、黏附性、弹性、内聚性、咀嚼性和回复性降低。该试验结果进一步阐明了米象侵害后小麦品质的劣变机制,为小麦贮藏期间及虫蚀小麦的品质改良提供了一定的理论基础。     

Effect of Phosphorus in Alleviation of Adverse Impacts of Salinity on Wheat Grown on Different Soils

Fertilization management is an important technique to alleviate the adverse effects of salinity stress on plants. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the ameliorative role of inorganic phosphorus (P) and organic P sources on wheat grown under salt stress in three soil types deficient in available P. Wheat (Triticum asetivum L. cv. Shakha 93) was grown on alluvial, sandy, and calcareous soils under salinity levels of 4, 8, and 12 dS m^?1 of saturated paste extract (EC_e) and supplied with constant rate of 30 mg P₂O₅ kg soil^?1 as superphosphate (SP), cattle manure (CM), and 1:1 mixture of SP and CM. The results revealed that plants grown on the sandy soil were more susceptible to the adverse effects of salinity compared with those planted on the alluvial one, especially at zero P. Plants grown on the calcareous soil were moderately affected. Varying soil type caused significant differences in the aboveground biomass and uptake of nitrogen (N), potassium (K), P, and zinc (Zn). It was obvious that P ameliorated wheat growth under salt stress, and this role was greater under moderate and high salinity. The increases in N, P, K, and Zn uptake appeared driven by P application were more conspicuous in the sandy and calcareous soils. Results also indicated that combined application of inorganic and organic P sources surpassed both when applied solely under all soil types and salinity levels.     

硼和氯化钠复合胁迫对小麦幼苗的影响

以盆栽小麦幼苗为供试植物,设定培养基质硼浓度分别为0、50、100 mg·kg^-1,氯化钠浓度分别为0、1、2 g·kg^-1,研究了硼和盐复合胁迫对植物生长的影响。结果表明,硼和氯化钠的单独胁迫均能显著抑制小麦生长;硼浓度为50 mg·kg^-1时,氯化钠加重了硼对小麦生长的抑制;硼浓度为100 mg·kg^-1时,氯化钠缓解了硼对小麦生长的抑制。硼和氯化钠的复合胁迫以及高硼胁迫使根冠比显著增大,氯化钠抑制了小麦对硼的吸收。综合来看,当硼胁迫较严重时,盐胁迫可以促进小麦增大根冠比和减少硼吸收来抵御硼毒害。     

cry Ia基因小麦高效表达载体的构建

利用在禾谷类作物中表达效率较高的启动子Ubi对含目的基因cryIa的现有载体进行了改造,并引入了筛选标记基因bar,为提高目的基因的表达水平,还在目的基因5′端引入了Ω和Kozak序列,3′端引入了poly(A)序列。成功构建了适用于小麦的抗虫基因植物表达载体pGU4ABBar,该载体含有顺向连接的Ubi-cryIa及Ubi-bar基因表达盒,可用于基因枪、花粉管通道法等介导的小麦遗传转化,人工合成的苏云金芽孢杆菌杀虫蛋白基因cryIa可以编码对鳞翅目昆虫具有毒杀作用的蛋白。     

甘肃河东旱作小麦农田干旱监测预警服务系统研究

通过对甘肃河东地区当前作物旱情指标的分析,选取了依据农田水量平衡原理而建立的作物水分供需比作为作物旱情指标,利用田问试验资料,建立了旱作小麦农田干旱监测预警指标模型,并确定出小麦旱情分级标准。以此为基础,编制了甘肃河东旱作小麦农田干旱监测预警系统软件,简要介绍了该系统的结构、功能及操作环境,并对预测精度问题进行了说明。     

麦秸还田及水稻氮肥配施技术研究

通过麦秸直接还田和水稻氮肥配施技术的研究表明 :经过三熟作物秸秆连续还田 ,土壤有机质、全氮、速效钾显著地增加 ;秸秆全量还田 ,水稻产量随秸秆还田量增加而提高 ,秸秆还田量 5 4 0 0 kg/ hm2 的产量比不还田的增产 6 .6 % ;全生育期氮肥配比以前∶中∶后期为 6 .5∶0 .5∶ 3为最佳。