Carbon isotopic ratios of wetland and terrace soil sequences in the Maya Lowlands of Belize and Guatemala

This article provides new data and synthesizes earlier findings on the carbon isotope ratios of the humin part of soil organic matter from a range of sites in the central Maya Lowlands. Changes down the soil profile in carbon isotope ratios can provide an important line of evidence for vegetation change and erosion over time, especially in well dated aggrading profiles. Research thus far has provided substantial evidence for significant inputs from C₄ vegetation in buried layers from the Ancient Maya periods in depositional soils but equivocal evidence from sloping soils. We present new findings from soil profiles through ancient Maya wetland fields, upland karst wetlands, ancient Maya aguadas (reservoirs), and ancient Maya terraces. Most of the profiles exhibited δ¹³C enrichment greater than the 2.5–3‰ typical from bacterial fractionation. Seven of nine ancient Maya wetland profiles showed δ¹³C enrichment ranging from 4.25 to 8.56‰ in ancient Maya-dated sediments that also contained phytolith and pollen evidence of grass (C₄ species) dominance. Upland karst sinks and ancient reservoirs produced more modest results for δ¹³C enrichment. These seasonal wetland profiles exhibited δ¹³C enrichment ranging from 1 to 7.3‰ from the surface to ancient Maya-period sediments. Agricultural terraces produced mixed results, with two terraces having substantial δ¹³C enrichment of 5.34 and 5.66‰ and two producing only equivocal results of 1.88 and 3.03‰ from modern topsoils to Maya Classic-period buried soils. Altogether, these findings indicate that C₄ plants made up c. 25% of the vegetation at our sites in the Maya Classic period and only a few percent today. These findings advance the small corpus of studies from ancient terraces, karst sinks, and ancient wetland fields by demonstrating substantial δ¹³C and thus C₄ plant enrichment in soil profile sections dated to ancient Maya times. These studies are also providing a new line of evidence about local and regional soil and ecological change in this region of widespread environmental change in the Late Holocene.     

不同保鲜剂对碧螺春茶保鲜效果的影响

以苏州碧螺春茶为试材,设计了16种不同保鲜剂,经过一定条件贮藏后,观察其对碧螺春茶的保鲜效果.结果表明,处理9(硅胶和抗坏血酸钠系列)与处理11(焦亚硫酸钠和抗坏血酸钠系列)保鲜效果最好,处理1(铁粉和氯化钠系列)、处理6(铁粉、氯化亚铁、碳酸氢钠、反丁烯二酸和沸石系列)、处理12(细孔硅胶)、处理14(活性干燥剂)保鲜效果较好.并对感观品质各特点与生化成分含量的相关性做了分析研究.     

干柱层析法制备油茶总皂苷对照品初探

目的 研究干柱层析法制备油茶皂苷对照品的方法。方法 原料用60 %乙醇超声提取,浓缩至无醇味,石油醚脱酯后用正丁醇按3:1体积比加入萃取。取正丁醇层并真空浓缩至干,干法上样于100目~200目硅胶柱色谱分离,用乙酸乙酯-甲醇-正丁醇-水(2:1:4:7)的上相展层;根据Rf值取出相应的条带并用甲醇淋洗收集蒸干,薄层及理化性质检测。结果 该方法所制样品由薄层色谱为一点,纯度较高。结论 该方法简便、实用且制备量大,可作为油茶总皂苷对照品。     

功能性inositol类物质在不同植物中的含量分析

利用乙醇抽提不同植物中的inositol类物质,将其抽提物中的水溶相部分依次通过ODS柱和阴离子交换柱后,用HPLC法进行分析。结果表明,D-pinitol含量多的植物有槐树叶、红花三叶草、白花三叶草、繁缕、银杏叶、婆婆指甲菜;D-chiro-inositol含量多的植物有蒲公英、白背;ononitol含量多的植物有槐树和婆婆指甲菜;myo-inositol含量多的植物有金银花、柿子叶、蒲公英、桑树叶。     

红枣茉莉花茶复合饮料的研制

以太谷壶瓶枣、茉莉花茶为主要原料,利用正交试验设计,主要研究了茶叶的类型、茶水比、复合汁配方对红枣茉莉花茶复合饮料品质的影响。结果表明,红枣茉莉花茶复合饮料最佳的生产工艺条件为:茉莉花茶与水的比例1:100,茶汤与红枣汁的混合比为1:1,蔗糖用量4%,柠檬酸用量0.05%,食盐用量0.10%。该饮料风味浓郁,口感柔和,具有保健、清凉止渴之功效。     

茶皂素的陶瓷膜纯化工艺优化及脱色研究

茶皂素是一种性能优良的天然非离子型表面活性剂,但目前使用的多为粗提物,纯度不高且含有大量色素,水溶液颜色较深,严重影响其应用范围。通过正交试验对茶皂素的纯化工艺进行了优化,结果表明,在0.05μm的膜孔径、0.1 MPa的操作压力和1%的料液质量分数下,样品纯度由原先的不到50%提高到83%,得率为69%。对油茶皂苷的脱色工艺进行了研究,确定了最佳工艺条件为:H2O2加入量9%,料液质量分数10%,pH值9,脱色温度70℃,脱色时间30 min,工艺简单易行,适宜工业化生产。     

植物对水分胁迫的分子响应及其遗传改良研究进展

植物对水分胁迫适应性的生理机理已相继在水稻、小麦、玉米、高梁等作物中得以报道。然而，有关这些性状的遗传控制及其在与逆境下作物生产的关系却了解甚少，由此阻碍了抗性遗传改良的进展。随着基因定位、基因组图谱、基因转移等分子生物学技术的发展，对植物抗逆性状进行分子剖析成为可能。本文综述了主要禾谷类作物对水分胁迫的抗性生理及遗传研究上的最新进展，讨论了植物抗性遗传改良的发展前景。     

山地茶园中不同种植模式对水土保持效果研究

重庆地区的山地茶园,在坡地等高种植的情况下,土壤年均侵蚀量在3198～27186 kg/hm²之间,随着坡度的增大,土壤侵蚀愈为严重,二者呈显著正相关;提高茶园土壤覆盖度可显著降低其水土流失量;梯型种植再辅以复合种植,是减少茶园中水土流失的最佳模式,其5～25°的茶园土壤年均侵蚀量在964.5～2613 kg/hm²之间,显著低于侵蚀标准     

榆林市风沙区水土保持植物配置模式初探

榆林市风沙区是我国西北黄土高原地区水土流失最为严重的地区之一,合理配置水土保持植物措施,可有效降低风沙危害、减少入黄泥沙、改善生态环境。根据该区立地条件类型的划分,以小叶杨、沙柳、沙棘、柠条、爬地柏等乔灌木为主,提出4种水土保持植物配置模式:1)对于平缓沙丘及丘间低地,采用迎风坡前方下部种植灌木或每隔1个沙丘进行乔灌混交的种植模式;2)对盖沙土梁峁坡及沟坡,采用在沟坡配置灌木纯林,梁峁坡为乔灌混交的模式;3)沟谷地川滩地地势平坦,坡度较小,以农田防护林带建设为主;4)盐碱土河滩地主要选择耐盐渍的树种和草种,与河水主流方向成30°～45°交角栽植林带,采取行间混交或带状混交。这些水土保持植物配置模式可为同类地区的水土保持植被建设提供借鉴。