渔用HDPE/淀粉复合材料的结构与性能

采用熔融共混法制备高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)/淀粉复合材料,研究了淀粉含量(w淀粉)对HDPE/淀粉复合材料的流变性、微观结构、热性能、力学性能与动态力学性能的影响。结果显示,淀粉含量为20 wt%时淀粉在HDPE基体中呈微米级均匀分布,淀粉含量增加到30 wt%和50 wt%时呈球状聚集体,其平均粒径从0.6μm增加到0.8μm。随淀粉含量增加,HDPE/淀粉复合材料的断裂强力和断裂伸长率显著降低。不同淀粉含量的HDPE/淀粉复合材料均被检测到3个转变峰。HDPE低温下的γ转变峰对应为聚乙烯的玻璃化转变峰,对应于非晶态链段的运动,淀粉含量对γ转变峰影响不大。纯HDPE不存在β峰,β转变与淀粉分散相有关,随淀粉含量增加,复合材料的β峰变宽。高温区出现的α转变与聚乙烯结晶区附近受限链段的运动有关,是一个复杂的多重松弛过程。研究表明,引入一定含量的淀粉可以改善HDPE的加工流变性和韧性,为制备高性能可降解淀粉基渔用材料提供了理论和技术支撑。     

池塘养殖增氧方式效果比较

为了解微孔增氧对池塘水体能量流动、水质及养殖效益的影响,对2种不同增氧方式下3个河蟹养殖池塘的养殖周期(4—9月份)进行了水质测定,获得了池塘不同水层的水温、溶氧、氨氮、亚硝酸盐及高锰酸钾盐指数数据。结果表明,夏季高温时采用微孔管道增氧能有效降低表层、底层的温差,一定程度上降低底层水温。微孔管道增氧能有效增加水体溶氧,开机90min水体底层溶氧增加速率是普通增氧机的5倍;6—9月份采用微孔增氧的池塘水体较普通增氧,NO2-N低70﹪以上,NH3-N低22.9﹪以上,高锰酸钾盐指数低20﹪以上,取得了较高的经济效益。     

温度对虾夷扇贝普通养殖群体和选育新品种海大金贝呼吸代谢的影响

2012年5月和9月,2013年3月和6月,在自然水温条件下,采用呼吸瓶法比较了不同温度(5.6℃、10.5℃、14.4℃、21.2℃)下普通养殖虾夷扇贝(Patinopecten yessoensis)和虾夷扇贝选育新品种海大金贝(Haida golden scallop)耗氧率和排氨率的影响。结果表明,在实验设置水温范围内(5.6~21.2℃),普通虾夷扇贝和海大金贝的耗氧率表现出相似的变化趋势。在温度达到14.4℃之前,实验贝耗氧率随温度的升高而增大,而在14.4℃后,则随温度的升高而减小。两种贝最大耗氧率分别为1.67 mg/(g·h)和1.27 mg/(g·h),其中在5.6℃和14.4℃海大金贝耗氧率显著小于普通虾夷扇贝(P0.05);10.5℃和21.2℃时,两组贝类的耗氧率差异不显著(P0.05)。普通虾夷扇贝和海大金贝排氨率随温度变化呈现出不同的趋势。前者从5.6℃开始,随温度的升高,排氨率缓慢升高,水温为14.4℃时达到最大值,为0.063 mg/(g·h),然后逐渐降低,14.4℃水温的排氨率显著大于10.5℃和21.2℃(P0.05);而从5.6℃到10.5℃,后者的排氨率逐渐降低,10.5℃时达到最低值,为0.029 mg/(g·h),然后随温度升高缓慢升高,到21.2℃达到最高值。海大金贝组在温度条件为5.6℃和21.2℃时排氨率高于普通虾夷扇贝组(P0.05);而水温为14.4℃时,普通虾夷扇贝组排氨率显著高于海大金贝组(P0.05);10.5℃时两者排氨率差异不显著(P0.05)。两实验组耗氧率Q_10系数均随温度的升高而降低。O/N结果表明,普通虾夷扇贝在本次研究的设定温度区间内以消耗脂肪和碳水化合物为主;海大金贝以消耗蛋白质为主,当温度逐渐升高,转化为以消耗脂肪和碳水化合物为主,当水温达到较高的水平,又转换为以消耗蛋白质为主。     

Effects of body size and water temperature on food consumption and growth in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka) with special reference to aestivation

To investigate the effects of body size and water temperature on feeding and growth in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka), the maximum rate of food consumption in terms of energy (C_maxe; J day^?1) and the specific growth rate in terms of energy (SGRe; % day^?1) in animals of three body sizes (mean±SE) – large (134.0±3.5 g), medium (73.6±2.2 g) and small (36.5±1.2 g) – were determined at water temperatures of 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30°C. Maximum rate of food consumption in terms of energy increased and SGRe decreased with increasing body weight at 10, 15 and 20°C. This trend, however, was not apparent at 25 and 30°C, which could be influenced by aestivation. High water temperatures (above 20°C) were disadvantageous to feeding and growth of this animal; SGRe of A. japonicus during aestivation was negative. The optimum temperatures for food consumption and for growth were similar and were between 14 and 15°C, and body size seemed to have a slight effect on the optimal temperature for food consumption or growth. Because aestivation of A. japonicus was temperature dependent, the present paper also documented the threshold temperatures to aestivation as indicated by feeding cessation. Deduced from daily food consumption of individuals, the threshold temperature to aestivation for large and medium animals (73.3–139.3 g) was 24.5?25.5°C, while that for small animals (28.9–40.7 g) was between 25.5 and 30.5°C. These values are higher than previous reports; differences in sign of aestivation, experimental condition and dwelling district of test animals could be the reasons.     

Effect of water temperature on the growth performance and digestive enzyme activities of Chinese longsnout catfish (Leiocassis longirostris Günther)

The present study was carried out to investigate the influence of water temperature on the growth performance and digestive enzyme (pepsin, trypsin and lipase) activities of Chinese longsnout catfish. Triplicate groups of Chinese longsnout catfish (35.6±0.48 g, mean±SE) were reared at different water temperatures (20, 24, 28 and 32 °C). The feeding rate (FR), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) were significantly affected by water temperatures and regression relationships between water temperature and FI, SGR as well as FER were expressed as FR=−0.016 T ²+0.91 T −10.88 ( n =12, R ²=0.8752), SGR=−0.026 T ²+1.39 T −17.29 ( n =12, R ²=0.7599) and FER=−0.013 T ²+0.70 T −8.43 ( n =12, R ²=0.7272). Based on these, the optimum temperatures for FR, SGR and FER were 27.66, 26.69 and 26.44 °C respectively. The specific activities of digestive enzymes at 24 or 28 °C were significantly higher than that at 20 or 32 °C. In addition, there was a significant linear regression between FR or SGR and specific activities of pepsin and lipase, which indicated that pepsin and lipase played important roles in regulating growth through nutrient digestion in Chinese longsnout catfish.     

原位生物处理技术改善城市断头河水质研究

在水网密布、河涌众多的地区,存在着大量断头河道和盲肠河道,因无水源补给、水体长期滞留,大多呈富营养化状态,生态环境及景观功能丧失。以扬州市断头河富营养化水体净化为例,设计了人工曝气、生态净水砖和生物浮床等原位生物处理技术。工程效果显示：对COD的平均去除率为45%,去除范围35%～56%;对NH3-N的平均去除率为33%,去除范围17%～44%;对TN的平均去除率为28%,去除范围15%～39%;对TP的平均去除率为35%,去除范围25%～44%。说明原位生物处理技术对改善城市断头河富营养化水体水质效果显著。     

Effect of different thermal regimes on glucose,enzymes involved in glycolysis and HSP70 of Litopenaeus vannamei

The purpose of this study was to investigate variations of glucose content, activities of enzymes involved in glycolysis and HSP70 in Litopenaeus vannamei subjected to one constant temperature (25°C) and four daily cyclical temperature change regimes (25 ± 1°C, 25 ± 2°C, 25 ± 3°C and 25 ± 4°C; max 12 am min 12 pm ). Both the glucose and HSP70 in treatment 25°C had a day/night rhythm city (L14:D10), but it gradually disappeared with the increase in temperature fluctuating amplitude. The PK activities varied more and more acutely with the increasing temperature fluctuating amplitude, especially, that in treatment 25 ± 4°C. HK activities were affected by the flux of glucose and the process of glycolysis, which tended to be stable with the increasing temperature fluctuating amplitude. Besides, the variations of PK activities were very abrupt at 25 ± 4°C, which might be unfavourable to the growth of shrimps. The temperature fluctuations affect metabolic adjustments and change the day/night rhythmicity of some physiological indicators.     

偏顶蛤胚胎和幼虫发育及温度对其浮游幼虫生长和发育的影响

在室内条件下,人工诱导偏顶蛤(Modiolus modiolus)产卵并在显微镜下对其胚胎和浮游期幼虫的形态进行连续观察和拍照,并采用实验生态学的方法,研究温度对其浮游期幼虫生长和发育的影响。结果显示,偏顶蛤亲贝人工催产时,以流水刺激4 h,阴干12 h为宜。偏顶蛤卵呈圆形或卵圆形,沉性卵,卵径为(82.6±3.2)μm,精子鞭毛型,全长约50μm。在水温19~21℃下,偏顶蛤受精卵发育至D形幼虫(壳长104.0μm±4.3μm)、匍匐幼虫(壳长255.8μm±15.0μm)和早期稚贝(壳长329.1μm±5.8μm)分别历时20.5 h、20 d和36 d。水温是影响偏顶蛤幼虫生长和发育的主要因素之一,幼虫适宜水温为15~20℃,15℃组幼虫畸形率显著低于20℃组,生长率20℃组最高达5.4μm/d;水温25℃和30℃下,幼虫畸形率均显著高于15℃组和20℃组,并分别在第6天和第4天全部死亡。相对于高温而言,偏顶蛤幼虫对低温的耐受能力更强。本文旨在为偏顶蛤繁殖生物学和苗种繁育技术提供基础资料。     

Life cycle of Caligus rogercresseyi, (Copepoda: Caligidae) parasite of Chilean reared salmonids

Caligus rogercresseyi, [Contrib. Zool. 69 (2000) 137] is the only caligid known to affect the salmon industry in Southern Chile. Economic losses due to reduced fish quality, cost of chemical treatment and outbreaks of other diseases such as the Piscirickettsiosis occur. The life cycle of C. rogercresseyi is described in rainbow trout reared in seawater tanks from observations made under natural conditions of light and temperature between January 1997 and April 1998. Fish were infected with laboratory-cultured larvae obtained from ovigerous females. Rainbow trout were periodically slaughtered for parasite collection and identification. C. rogercresseyi life cycle includes the following stages: two nauplius, one copepodid, four chalimus and the adult. No preadult stage was observed. Timing of the different stages of development was directly dependent on water temperature. The maturation of the eggs or the time for a complete life cycle took place at 45 days in July at 10.3 °C, 31–32 days in April at 12.4 and 12.8 °C, respectively, and at 26 days in November at 15.2 °C. In January, at 16.7 °C, only the appearance of first eggs were observed at 18 days. A simple degree–day (dd) model is proposed for each developmental stage between 4 and 17 °C, where the development rate is a linear function of the average temperature of water. Using this degree–day model, the proportion of fourth stage chalimus was maximum at 172 dd of effective temperature, adult males at 193 degree–days, adult females at 208 dd. The minimum temperature threshold is at 4.2 °C where there is no development of the parasite. The appearance of first eggs occurred at 231 dd and the first pigmented eggs at 277 dd. The temperature-independent degree–days value allowed to predict the timing of C. rogercresseyi life cycle at any temperature within the evaluated range.     

Survival of reared Atlantic salmon and sea trout in relation to marine conditions of smolt year in the Baltic Sea

The marine survival of hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and sea trout (Salmo trutta) was examined in relation to marine conditions during post-smolt migration and in relation to stock traits. In 1970–2001, Carlin-tagged smolts were released in the Iijoki and Oulujoki rivers, the northern Baltic Sea. When both species were analysed together, the abundance of the three prey fish, herring (Clupea harengus), smelt (Osmerus eperlanus) and vendace (Coregonus albula) correlated positively with the survival of salmonids. In addition, the increase in smolt size appeared to improve the survival rate. Sea surface temperature (SST) may have affected indirectly through the abundance of prey fish during the post-smolt migration of salmon and sea trout. The smelt and vendace showed a statistical effect on survival only when the temperature effects were not included in the models. In sea trout, an increasing smolt length was not significantly correlated with the survival in good herring recruitment years, but in poor years survival increased very rapidly with increasing smolt size. The recapture rates of the salmonids tended to decrease between the years 1970 and 2001. During the same time period, the June SST slightly decreased. The positive correlation between the annual summer SST and recapture rate of salmon may partly explain the decreasing trend in recapture rates. An increase in smolt size did not compensate for the decline in the recapture rate of either species.