Characterisation of the inflammatory reaction in equine idiopathic focal eosinophilic enteritis and diffuse eosinophilic enteritis

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Idiopathic focal eosinophilic enteritis (IFEE) and diffuse eosinophilic enteritis (DEE) are primary eosinophilic intestinal conditions without a known cause that are associated with an increasing number of surgical colic cases. Histology may be helpful in defining disease aetiology and pathogenesis. OBJECTIVES: To characterise further the inflammatory infiltrate in equine IFEE and to compare the condition with DEE. METHODS: Twenty-three IFEE cases and 5 DEE cases were examined by light microscopy including immunohistology to identify infiltrating leucocytes. Inflammatory infiltrates in mucosa and submucosa were characterised in IFEE lesions (Group 1), the intestine distant from the lesions in IFEE (Group 2) and DEE (Group 3). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: IFEE lesions represented an accumulation of leucocytes in submucosa and muscularis, with dominance of eosinophils and macrophages and smaller numbers of lymphocytes, plasma cells and neutrophils. T cells represented the dominant lymphocytes. The mucosa overlying the lesion and both mucosa and submucosa in IFEE nonlesion sites and in DEE exhibited a similar composition, with different prevalence of various cell types. Macrophages were significantly more prevalent in the mucosal and submucosal infiltrates in IFEE nonlesion sites than in DEE, and lymphocytes significantly more prevalent in the mucosa in DEE than in IFEE nonlesion sites. The findings confirm IFEE as a primary eosinophilic intestinal disorder and indicate that IFEE represents a focally exacerbated inflammatory reaction in horses with DEE, possibly due to functional changes in the macrophage and T cell components, with subsequent excessive recruitment of both eosinophils and macrophages.     

IL-17A reduces lipid accumulation by up-regulation of ABCA1 expression in Raw264.7 macrophages

AIM:To investigate the effects of interleukin-17A (IL-17A) on the expression of adenosine triphosphate binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) in RAW264.7 macrophages. METHODS:Mouse RAW264.7 macrophages were treated with IL-17A at different concentrations for 6 or 24 h, or treated with IL-17A at the same concentration for different time. The expression of ABCA1 at mRNA and protein levels was determined by RT-qPCR and Western blot, respectively. Cholesterol efflux to apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA-1) was evaluated by NBD-cholesterol method. Lipid accumulation in the cells was evaluated by Oil Red O staining. RESULTS:Compared with control group, IL-17A increased the expression of ABCA1 at protein level in the RAW264.7 cells significantly (P<0.05), but had no effect on the mRNA expression of ABCA1. In addition, cholesterol efflux to ApoA-1 was increased and lipid accumulation in the RAW264.7 cells was decreased obviously after treatment with IL-17A. CONCLUSION:IL-17A increases the protein expression of ABCA1 but not at mRNA level in the RAW264.7 macrophages, which may be correlated with its anti-atherosclerosis effect.     

Cytotoxicity and cytokine production by bovine alveolar macrophages challenged with wild type and leukotoxin-deficient Mannheimia haemolytica

The aim of this study was to investigate the use of ultrasound (US) guidance to perform sciatic and saphenous nerve blocks in dogs. Five dogs were sedated with medetomidine and butorphanol. A high-resolution US transducer was used to locate the nerves, guide placement of the needle and visualise the perineural injection of lidocaine 2%. Electrostimulation was used to confirm correct placement prior to the sciatic block. Nerve functions were evaluated over a 3 h period following administration of atipamezole. Successful identification of the nerves and the quality of the blocks were recorded. Location of the nerves, complete sensory block of the saphenous nerve, and partial to complete sensory and motor blocks of the sciatic nerve were achieved in all dogs. The resultant US guidance is potentially valuable for blocking the sciatic and saphenous nerves in dogs, although further work will be required to ensure a complete block of the sciatic nerve.     

β-羟丁酸对牛肺泡巨噬细胞促炎细胞因子释放的影响研究

β-羟丁酸(β-hydroxybutyrate,BHBA)除了能作为一种能源物质外,还可作为信号分子诱导肝细胞、子宫内膜细胞发生炎症反应,但其是否也能促使牛肺泡巨噬细胞(bovine alveolar macrophages, BAMs)发生炎症反应尚不清楚。利用不同浓度BHBA分别与 BAMs作用12、24 h,CCK-8法检测BAMs的存活率;用终浓度为4 mmol·L^-1 BHBA与 BAMs作用0、3、6、12、24 h,以及用0、1、2、4 mmol·L^-1 BHBA分别与 BAMs作用 12 h,qRT-PCR检测GPR109A、p38MAPK、NF-κB、PPARγ mRNA表达量,ELISA检测细胞上清中1L-1β、IL-6、TNF-α等的浓度。结果表明,1、2、4 mmol·L^-1 BHBA作用对BAMs 的存活率没有不良影响;在一定时间浓度范围内,GPR109A、p38MAPK和NF-κB mRNA表达量,1L-1β、IL-6、TNF-α等浓度随时间-剂量依赖变化(P<0.01),PPARγ mRNA表达量在3、6 h极显著上调(P<0.01),随后下调,PPARγ mRNA表达量只有2 mmol·L^-1组有显著变化(P<0.05)。综上,BHBA能促进BAMs促炎细胞因子的分泌和释放,导致其发生炎症反应。     

Effects of Mcl-1 silencing on apoptosis of mouse peritoneal macrophages infected with different virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

AIM: To investigate the effect of inhibiting Mcl-1 gene expression on apoptosis of mouse peritoneal macrophages infected with different virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis using a technique of RNA interference. METHODS: The BALB/c mice were infected with prepared bacterium of the virulence strains of Xinjiang, H37Rv, H37Ra and BCG. Mcl-1-shRNA was applied to the mouse model of infection, and the control groups were set up. On 1 d, 3 d, 5 d and 7 d, the mouse peritoneal macrophages were collected. The expression of Mcl-1 at mRNA and protein levels was determined by real-time PCR and Western blot. The apoptotic rate of peritoneal macrophages was analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS: The expression of Mcl-1 at mRNA and protein levels was up-regulated in the peritoneal macrophages from the mice infected with different virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and the cells from the mice infected with virulence strains of Xinjiang and H37Rv expressed higher level of Mcl-1 than the uninfected control cells (P<0.05). The expression of Mcl-1 at mRNA and protein levels was reduced by RNA interference as compared with control group (P<0.05). Inhibition of Mcl-1 expression induced apoptosis of peritoneal macrophages in the mice. CONCLUSION: The Mcl-1 expression at mRNA and protein levels in mouse peritoneal macrophages infected with different virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was effectively suppressed by Mcl-1-shRNA, which can induce macrophage apoptosis.     

孕酮对LPS诱导小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞表达TNF-α、IL-1β、TLR4、CD14和MD2的影响

先分离培养小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞,经差速贴壁法纯化后,随机分为6组：空白对照组、0.5mg/L脂多糖（LPS）组、10-6 mol/L孕酮（P4）组、LPS＋10-5 mol/L P4组、LPS＋10-6 mol/L P4组、LPS＋10-7 mol/L P4组。各组在处理12、24h分别提取上清液,ELISA法测TNF-α和IL-1β的含量;各组在处理24h分别提取细胞总RNA,用RT-PCR法测TLR4、CD14、MD2mRNA的表达。结果显示,处理12、24h,0.5mg/L LPS组TNF-α和IL-1β的含量均极显著高于对照组（P〈0.01）;10-6 mol/L P4组与对照组差异不显著（P〉0.05）;LPS＋10-5 mol/L P4组极显著低于对照组（P〈0.01）;LPS＋10-6 mol/L P4组显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）;而LPS＋10-7 mol/L P4组TNF-α的表达差异不显著（P〉0.05）,IL-1β的表达差异显著（P〈0.05）。说明P4可降低LPS刺激小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞TNF-α和IL-1β的分泌,且呈剂量依赖关系。LPS单独处理,TLR4和CD14mRNA的表达极显著高于对照组（P〈0.01）;10-6 mol/L P4单独处理与对照组无显著差异（P〉0.05）;分别添加1-5、10-6、10-7 mol/L P4组均极显著降低LPS诱导TLR4和CD14mRNA的表达（P〈0.01）,而MD2mRNA的表达差异不显著（P〉0.05）。说明P4可极显著降低LPS刺激小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞TLR4和CD14mRNA表达,但对MD2mRNA表达影响不显著。结果显示,P4能抑制LPS刺激的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞TNF-α和IL-1β的分泌,此过程与细胞TLR4和CD14表达下降相关,而与MD2的表达无关。     

迭鞘石斛所含多糖对小鼠免疫细胞影响的研究

[目的]研究迭鞘石斛（Dendrobinm chryseum Rolfe）所含多糖对小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖以及腹腔巨噬细胞的影响。[方法]分离提取小鼠脾脏淋巴细胞和腹腔巨噬细胞,通过添加和不添加迭鞘石斛所含多糖进行体外培养,以MTT法检测这些免疫细胞增殖的变化情况。[结果]石斛多糖在中、高浓度时可极显著提高小鼠脾淋巴细胞和腹腔巨噬细胞的增值（P﹤0.01）,低浓度时没有增强作用。[结论]迭鞘石斛所含石斛多糖在体外对小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖以及腹腔巨噬细胞的增殖有增强作用,说明对小鼠具有免疫增强作用。     

甘草查尔酮A对副猪嗜血杆菌感染猪肺泡巨噬细胞氧化应激的影响

【目的】 探究甘草查尔酮A对副猪嗜血杆菌感染猪肺泡巨噬细胞引发的氧化应激的影响, 为开发治疗副猪嗜血杆菌感染的新型药物提供参考。【方法】 利用支气管肺泡灌洗法分离猪肺泡巨噬细胞, 分为6组: 阴性对照组, 未感染副猪嗜血杆菌的猪肺泡巨噬细胞; 阳性对照组, 感染副猪嗜血杆菌的猪肺泡巨噬细胞; DMSO组, 猪肺泡巨噬细胞感染副猪嗜血杆菌后给予0.1% DMSO; 5、10和20 μg/mL甘草查尔酮A组, 猪肺泡巨噬细胞感染副猪嗜血杆菌后给予相应浓度的甘草查尔酮A。各组细胞培养24 h后, 用CCK-8法检测细胞活力, 用酶标仪或可见光分光光度计检测各组细胞上清中乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase, LDH)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase, GSH-Px)和超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)活性及丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)、一氧化氮(nitric oxide, NO)和总抗氧化能力(total antioxidant capacity, T-AOC)水平, 用活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)荧光探针(DCFH-DA)检测ROS水平。【结果】 与阴性对照组相比, 副猪嗜血杆菌感染组猪肺泡巨噬细胞活力均显著降低(P<0.05), 上清液中LDH活性均显著提高(P<0.05), MDA、NO、ROS水平及SOD活性均显著增加(P<0.05);与阳性对照组相比, 5、10和20 μg/mL甘草查尔酮A组猪肺泡巨噬细胞活力均显著提高(P<0.05), 上清液LDH活性均显著降低(P<0.05), 10和20 μg/mL甘草查尔酮A组MDA、NO和ROS水平均显著降低(P<0.05);5、10和20 μg/mL甘草查尔酮A处理组GSH-Px、SOD和T-AOC活性均呈剂量依赖性显著升高(P<0.05)。【结论】 副猪嗜血杆菌感染猪肺泡巨噬细胞导致氧化和抗氧化平衡失调, 5~20 μg/mL甘草查尔酮A可以降低细胞氧化应激反应。     

马蹄香对小鼠免疫系统影响的初步研究

文章通过研究含马蹄香血清对正常小鼠脾淋巴细胞和巨噬细胞的影响(MTT比色法),并结合中性红吞噬实验检测含药血清对小鼠PMΦ能量代谢水平及吞噬能力的影响,来检测马蹄香对小鼠免疫系统的影响。结果初步证明了马蹄香含药血清能够增强小鼠脾淋巴细胞转化能力,提高PMΦ能量代谢水平和吞噬能力,具有一定的免疫增强作用。     

Effects of chronic Clonorchis sinensis infestation on inflammatory reaction of macrophages

AIM：To evaluate the immune state in rats with chronic Clonorchis sinesis (Cs) infestation by investigating the effects of Cs on macrophage polarization and inflammatory reactions. METHODS：Sprague-Dawley rats were used in the study. Chronic Cs infestation model was reproduced by intragastric perfusion with Cs eggs. Twenty rats were randomly divided into normal group (n=10) and Cs infestation group (n=10). The serum levels of interleukin (IL-4) and IL-10, tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α) and interferon γ (IFN-γ) were detected by ELISA. The macrophages were harvested by peritoneal lavage. The differentiation proportion of M1 and M2 macrophages were detected by flow cytometry. The macrophages were divided into control group, normal group and chronic Cs infestation group according to the sources of macrophages. The levels of TNF-α and IL-10 in the culture supernatants were detected by ELISA at 0, 2, 12 and 24 h after lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 10 μg/L) stimulation in vitro. RESULTS：Compared with normal group, chronic Cs infestation increased the serum levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-10. The differentiation proportion of M1 detected by flow cytometry was 92.1% in normal group and that of M2 macrophages was 93.8% in Cs infestation group. The levels TNF-α and IL-10 in culture supernatants were increased at 2~24 h after LPS stimulation both in normal group and Cs infestation group, but the levels of TNF-α were lower in chronic Cs infestation group than that in normal group at 2 h,12 h and 24 h after LPS stimulation. The level of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was higher in Cs infestation group than that in normal group at 2 h, 12 h and 24 h after LPS stimulation. CONCLUSION：Chronic Cs infestation increases the serum levels of both pro-inflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory cytokines, thus inducing the polarization of M2 macrophages. The macrophages derived from chronic Cs-infected rats produce tolerance in the inflammatory process against LPS in vitro.