玉米螟不同虫态发生期、发生量对第1,2代玉米螟发生程度的影响

通过对第１,２代玉米螟各虫态发生期、发生量和为害率的连续调查结果分析表明：玉米螟各代的虫量基数只是影响当代发生程度的因素之一,并不能决定发生程度。玉米螟的发生程度与当代发生数量呈正相关,与田间落卵量关系更为密切,与发生时期关系不大。发生数理与发生历期呈正相关,第１,２代玉米螟的发生程度没有必然的联系,而表现为间断性和相对独立性。第２代玉米螟的田间产卵量是第１代玉米螟的３．７５～７．１倍,造成玉米被害率成倍增加。     

Differentiation of the high molecular weight glutenin subunit D t x 2.1 of Aegilops tauschii indicated by partial sequences of its encoding gene and SSR markers

The devastating late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans infects foliage as well as tubers of potato. To date, resistance breeding has often focused on foliage blight resistance, but tuber blight resistance is becoming more and more important in cultivated potatoes. In this study, a reliable tuber assay for resistance assessment was developed and foliage and tuber blight resistance (R) was compared in four mapping populations. In the RH4X-103 population, tuber blight resistance inherited independently from foliage blight resistance. Three specific R genes against P. infestans were segregating. The Rpi-abpt and R3a genes function as foliage-specific R genes, whereas the R1 gene acts on both foliage and tuber. In the segregating populations SHRH and RH94-076, tuber and foliage blight resistance correlated significantly, which suggests that resistance in foliage and tuber is conferred by the same gene (could be R3b) and quantitative trait loci (QTL), respectively. In the CE population neither tuber nor foliage resistance was observed.     

不同工况下Y型网式过滤器流场数值模拟分析

为探究网式过滤器的水力性能,充分了解网式过滤器内部最初流场、滤芯网面流量分布情况,应用计算流体动力学方法对网式过滤器3种入口流速(0.5、1.5、2.5 m/s)以及3种滤网目数(60、80、100目)对过滤器流场进行数值模拟。通过试验对模拟结果的可靠性进行验证,结果表明：过滤器的水头损失集中在出口侧滤芯上,该部分水头损失占总损失的87%;水流在腔体内可分为出口侧加速区、出口侧减速区、堵头回流区和漩涡区4部分;滤网面流量分布严重不均,高流量区域主要分布在出口侧,入口流速由0.5 m/s增至2.5 m/s过程中,网面最大与最小流量均相差3.3倍,滤网目数为60、80、100目时,网面最大与最小流量相差3.3、3.1、2.3倍,且滤网目数增至100目时,最大与最小流量位置向两侧偏移;堵头处死水区压力大、流速低,泥沙易于沉淀,建议扩大堵头容积以承接更多的泥沙;可以考虑增大腔体体积、改变腔体角度、在入口处设置导流片,从而改善流场分布;建议在滤网上增加环状片体,改善网面流量分布,从而提高过滤器的使用寿命以及过滤效率。     

全膜覆土穴播种植冬小麦对旱地土壤微生物数量及生物量的影响

[目的]揭示全膜覆土穴播种植方式对土壤微生态环境的影响,为其进一步推广应用提供参考依据。[方法]采用田间试验,研究不同覆膜种植方式对冬小麦各生育期土壤微生物数量和微生物量的影响。[结果]全膜覆土穴播方式可明显增加冬小麦各生育期的土壤微生物数量(除自生固氮细菌)以及微生物量C和N。与传统栽培方式相比,全膜覆土穴播方式和全膜不覆土穴播方式土壤细菌、放线菌、真菌分别平均提高32.07%和10.23%,31.27%和10.57%,44.56%和26.51%;氨化细菌和硝化细菌分别平均提高32.54%和37.80%,79.20%和107.22%;微生物量C和N含量分别平均提高29.90%,20.68%%和29.41%,18.02%。各处理土壤微生物数量和微生物量整体从小麦返青期开始升高,到拔节期或抽穗期达到峰值,生长后期有所下降。[结论]全膜穴播方式下土壤微生物数量和微生物量土壤随土层的加深呈减少的趋势。全膜覆土穴播方式有利于冬小麦土壤微生物数量和微生物量的提高。     

氮钾互作对马铃薯产量,品质与氮磷钾吸收的影响

本文研究了四个氮钾处理对马铃薯“金冠”品种植株生长、块茎产量与品质和氮磷钾吸收的影响.结果表明:在钾水平相同时,高氮比低氮抑制植株生长与降低块茎产量,尤其是在高钾条件下增氮的减产效应更明显.低氮时增钾明显地促进植株生长与提高块茎产量,而高氮时增钾则抑制植株生长与降低块茎产量.处理中,以低氮高钾(N_4K_6)处理的块茎产量、品质与商品率最佳.氮钾互作明显地影响植株对氮、钾吸收,而对磷吸收影响不大.植株的氮、磷含量与块茎产量无显著相关,植株的钾含量与块茎产量呈显著正相关.植株体内N/K比值与块茎产量呈显著负相关。     

穗位高系数对玉米产量及产量构成的影响

为探究穗位高系数对玉米产量及产量构成的影响,采用125份玉米材料开展大田试验,测定株高、穗位高、穗位高系数、单穗粒数、千粒重及产量等性状指标。同时对1985—2019年可查文献中已发表的相关数据进行Meta分析。结果表明：1)株高和穗位高对单穗粒数、千粒重、产量均有极显著影响(P<0.01);穗位高系数对单穗粒数和千粒重影响显著(P<0.05)。2)玉米株高分布在175.10～295.00 cm,穗位高在53.50—127.67 cm,穗位高系数在0.29～0.49,随着株高、穗位高、穗位高系数的增加,单穗粒数呈先上升后下降的趋势,当株高为267.76 cm,穗位高为99.46 cm,穗位高系数为0.40时,单穗粒数达到最大值;千粒重随着株高、穗位高、穗位高系数的增加先呈直线上升趋势,之后不再增加,千粒重达到最大值时,株高为292.25 cm,穗位高为80.95 cm,穗位高系数为0.50;产量随株高、穗位高的增加而增加,随着穗位高系数的增加呈现先上升后下降的趋势,当穗位高系数为0.42时,产量达到最大值。3)对文献和本试验的数据分别进行决策树分析,结果均表明,株高较穗位高...     

Effects of a short period of drought on changes in tuber volume and specific leaf weight. II. Diurnal changes

Summary Single-stemmed potato plants, cv. Bintje, were grown on a nutrient solution under controlled conditions. They were exposed to a short drought stress, or remained untreated. Short-term changes in tuber volume and in specific leaf weight were measured non-destructively. Tubers from control plants increased rapidly in volume during the night and did not grow, or even shrivelled during the day. Tubers of stressed plants did not show a uniform response; some tubers markedly declined in volume during the day. The patterns of volume increase of stressed plants became erratic after the stress, mainly because some plants never fully recovered. Patterns of diurnal fluctuation in tuber volume were similar to diurnal changes in specific leaf weight; tubers within the same stressed plant sometimes reacted differently. In these cases the effects on the diurnal fluctuation partly reflected the long-term effects, reported in an earlier paper.     

Improved diagnosis of powdery scab (Spongospora subterranea f.sp.subterranea) symptoms on potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Summary Based on visual inspection, discrimination between common scab (Streptomyces spp.) and powdery scab (Spongospora subterranea) can be difficult. Inspections are performed on unwashed samples, incidentally supported by microscopic examination. During 1994–1996 surveys were performed in The Netherlands on tubers with symptoms resembling common scab. Under microscopic assessment nearly all samples showed the presence of structures resembling cystosori (sporeballs) ofS. subterranea. At that time confirmation using alternative techniques was not possible. In 2003 research was undertaken to clarify the situation with respect to scab on potato tubers in The Netherlands. One hundred and eighteen scab samples were extensively tested forS. subterranea. All samples were digitally photographed, microscopically examinated and tested with real-time PCR and DAS-ELISA. Use of these modern methods resulted in a clear picture of symptoms that can be attributed toS. subterranea. A lot of scab samples with structures resembling cystosori could not be confirmed as contaminated withS. subterranea.     

四元联系数多因素态势排序法综合评价水稻优良组合

按照四元联系数多因素态势排序原理,对重庆三峡农业科学院2009年水稻组合鉴定结果进行分析与排序,目的是为水稻优良组合筛选提供可靠的理论依据。结果表明:10个参试组合被划分为4个方阵,第一方阵为优良组合(WZ-2),可作为下年区试或重点示范组合;第二方阵为较好组合,共4个;其余7个组合归为第三、第四方阵,为一般、较差组合。     

玉米瘤黑粉病空间分布型研究

对玉米瘤黑粉病空间分布型进行了研究,结果表明:玉米瘤黑粉病在病株率低于4%的条件下,空间分布型基本为随机分布;病株率在10%左右,空间分布型仍为随机分布,但有均匀分布趋势。根据平均拥挤度和平均密度关系回归方程,得到病害在不同发病程度下的理论抽样数:若想获得一般精确的调查结果,在病株率达到1%左右时,大约需要调查285个样本;在病株率达到5%左右时,大约需要调查135个样本;在病株率达到10%以上时,大约需要调查115个样本。