Validation of the DNDC-Rice model by using CH4 and N2O flux data from rice cultivated in pots under alternate wetting and drying irrigation management

The DNDC (DeNitrification-DeComposition)-Rice model, one of the most advanced process-based models for the estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from paddy fields, has been discussed mostly in terms of the reproducibility of observed methane (CH₄) emissions from Japanese rice paddies, but the model has not yet been validated for tropical rice paddies under alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation management, a water-saving technique. We validated the model by using CH₄ and nitrous oxide (N₂O) flux data from rice in pots cultivated under AWD irrigation management in a screen-house at the International Rice Research Institute (Los Baños, the Philippines). After minor modification and adjustment of the model to the experimental irrigation conditions, we calculated grain yield and straw production. The observed mean daily CH₄ fluxes from the continuous flooding (CF) and AWD pots were 4.49 and 1.22?kg?C?ha^?1?day^?1, respectively, and the observed mean daily N₂O fluxes from the pots were 0.105 and 34.1?g?N?ha^?1?day^?1, respectively. The root-mean-square errors, indicators of simulation error, of daily CH₄ fluxes from CF and AWD pots were calculated as 1.76 and 1.86?kg?C?ha^?1?day^?1, respectively, and those of daily N₂O fluxes were 2.23 and 124?g?N?ha^?1?day^?1, respectively. The simulated gross CH₄ emissions for CF and AWD from the puddling stage (2 days before transplanting) to harvest (97 days after transplanting) were 417 and 126?kg?C?ha^?1, respectively; these values were 9.8% lower and 0.76% higher, respectively, than the observed values. The simulated gross N₂O emissions during the same period were 0.0279 and 1.45?kg?N?ha^?1 for CF and AWD, respectively; these values were respectively 87% and 29% lower than the observed values. The observed total global warming potential (GWP) of AWD resulting from the CH₄ and N₂O emissions was approximately one-third of that in the CF treatment. The simulated GWPs of both CF and AWD were close to the observed values despite the discrepancy in N₂O emissions, because N₂O emissions contributed much less than CH₄ emissions to the total GWP. These results suggest that the DNDC-Rice model can be used to estimate CH₄ emission and total GWP from tropical paddy fields under both CF and AWD conditions.     

西双版纳热带季雨林土壤呼吸变化规律及其影响因素

为了探寻西双版纳热带季雨林土壤呼吸变化规律及其影响因素,分别于2014年不同季节测定了土壤呼吸强度及相关环境因子,同时取相应点表土(0—10cm)测定土壤养分,利用指数模型和线性模型分析土壤呼吸与土壤温度和湿度的关系。结果表明:热带季雨林大气温度的日变化趋势均为单峰曲线;落叶季雨林和半常绿季雨林大气湿度日变化均呈"V"字形变化趋势;0—10cm土壤温度与大气温度变化趋势相一致,在14:00左右达到峰值;土壤湿度均呈"V"字形变化趋势,在14:00达到最低,此后有所回升,局部有所波动。在时间尺度上,2种热带季雨林土壤呼吸均表现为单峰型,且峰值出现的时间基本一致,在14:00左右达到最大,最低值出现在早上6:00,相同时间常绿季雨林土壤呼吸速率高于落叶季雨林。2种热带季雨林土壤呼吸季节性差异显著(p0.05),呈先增加后降低的趋势,均表现为秋季夏季冬季春季。2种热带季雨林土壤呼吸与土壤温度之间关系以指数方程拟合最好,土壤温度可以解释土壤呼吸强度的53.7%~71.0%;落叶季雨林土壤呼吸与土壤湿度之间关系以线性方程拟合最好,常绿季雨林土壤呼吸与土壤湿度之间关系以指数方程拟合最好,土壤湿度可以解释土壤呼吸强度的52.1%~62.3%。通过偏相关分析可知,西双版纳热带季雨林土壤呼吸均与有机质和土壤速效养分含量呈极显著的相关关系(p0.01),与土壤全氮含量呈显著的相关关系(p0.05),而与全磷含量并没有显著的相关性(p0.05),其中常绿季雨林的相关系数均高于落叶季雨林。     

Plot-scale manipulations of organic matter inputs to soils correlate with shifts in microbial community composition in a lowland tropical rain forest

Little is known about the organisms responsible for decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems, or how variations in their relative abundance may influence soil carbon (C) cycling. Here, we altered organic matter in situ by manipulating both litter and throughfall inputs to tropical rain forest soils, and then used qPCR and error-corrected bar-coded pyrosequencing to investigate how the resulting changes in soil chemical properties affected microbial community structure. The plot-scale manipulations drove significant changes in microbial community composition: Acidobacteria were present in greater relative abundance in litter removal plots than in double-litter plots, while Alphaproteobacteria were found in higher relative abundance in double-litter and throughfall reduction plots than in control or litter removal plots. In addition, the bacterial:archaeal ratio was higher in double-litter than no-litter plots. The relative abundances of Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria were positively correlated with microbial biomass C and nitrogen (N), and soil N and C pools, while acidobacterial relative abundance was negatively correlated with these same factors. Bacterial:archaeal ratios were positively correlated with soil moisture, total soil C and N, extractable ammonium pools, and soil C:N ratios. Additionally, bacterial:archaeal ratios were positively related to the relative abundance of Actinobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Actinobacteria, and negatively correlated to the relative abundance of Nitrospira and Acidobacteria. Together, our results support the copiotrophic/oligotrophic model of soil heterotrophic microbes suggested by Fierer et al. (2007).     

热带地区时间序列土壤中伊利石类矿物的演化——P.Barré假设在热带地区土壤中也存在吗?

P.Barré等认为温带地区自然土壤中,由于植物根系将下层土壤中的钾和硅向上搬运,减缓了上层土壤中伊利石类矿物(混层伊利石/蒙皂石+伊利石)脱钾和脱硅过程,致使其长时间地存在较多的伊利石类矿物。本文旨在了解热带地区土壤中这一假设是否也存在,以海南琼北地区发育于由不同年代火山喷发形成的玄武岩所构成的时间序列土壤(1×104a,(9.0±2.0)×104a,(14.6±0.9)×104a,64×104a,(133±18)×104a,(181±8)×104a)为对象,利用X-射线衍射(XRD)技术分析了其黏土矿物的变化情况,结合土壤钾、硅、活性硅的分析结果,发现伊利石类矿物仅存在于(133±18)×104a以前的土壤中,表层土壤中钾和硅的含量高于下层的土壤,活性硅含量随成土年龄而降低。为此,我们认为:P.Barré假设在热带土壤形成发育过程中,在具有一定的生物复钾和复硅条件下,在成土初期也会存在,但最终会由于土壤强烈的脱钾和脱硅作用而逐步消失。     

1822号“山竹”台风对广东省降雨侵蚀力的影响

[目的]探讨台风强降雨对降雨侵蚀力的影响,为土壤侵蚀的预测预防与治理提供一定的依据。[方法]利用2018年"山竹"台风登陆广东省带来的强降雨,以小时降雨侵蚀力模型为基础,计算"山竹"台风期间广东省降雨侵蚀力及时空分布。[结果]①广东省降雨侵蚀力与台风路径相关,在2018年9月15日粤东地区降雨侵蚀力最大,而16日与17日在粤西地区的降雨侵蚀最大;②山竹台风期间,广东省降雨侵蚀力呈现以阳春市为中心,向两侧降低,特别是在粤北和粤东地区的降雨侵蚀力最低;③降雨量大的站点,降雨侵蚀力也较大,但并不是一一对应的关系,雨强与降雨动能也是影响降雨侵蚀力的重要因素。[结论]台风带来的强降雨影响广东省15—17日降雨侵蚀力分布,台风移动路径决定降雨侵蚀力的大小。     

海南岛甘什岭热带低地雨林植物组成与地理成分

为揭示海南岛甘什岭热带低地雨林区域植物群落特征、性质和规律,以期为进一步分析生物多样性保育与恢复策略及生态服务功能评估等提供科学依据,在海南岛南部甘什岭自然保护区选择典型低地雨林建立1 hm~2固定样地,进行立地因子和植被调查,并研究其物种组成与地理成分。结果表明:维管植物隶属于65科150属213种,种子植物63科148属211种,分别占海南岛和全国种子植物总科、属、种的32.66%、19.29%,13.56%、4.69%和7.65%、0.78%~0.81%;优势科明显,单种科36个,寡种科24个,共占总科数的92.31%;属内种的变化范围为1~6,单种属最多,占总数的76.00%;科和属的分布区类型均以泛热带分布为主,热带性质占绝对优势,这不同于尖峰岭山地雨林热带-亚热带过度性明显的特点;根据种-面积曲线研究表明,甘什岭热带低地雨林最小取样面积为范围在3 600~6 400 m~2之间,其上限高于海南岛霸王岭热带山地雨林的4 000 m~2最小面积;相较于山地雨林,其植物种类较丰富,地理成分更复杂。     

Calibration and validation of optical chlorophyll‐measuring devices for use in predicting crude protein concentration in tropical grass herbage

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the Fieldscout CM 1000 NDVI and Yara N‐Tester as easy‐to‐use and cost‐effective tools for predicting foliar chlorophylls (a, b and total) and crude protein (CP) concentrations in herbage from three tropical grass species. Optical chlorophyll measurements were taken at three stages (4, 8 and 12 weeks) of regrowth maturity in Guinea grass (Panicum maximum) and Mulato II (Brachiaria hybrid) and at 6 and 12 weeks maturity in Paspalum spp (Paspalum atratum). Grass samples were harvested subsequent to optical measurements for laboratory analysis to determine CP and solvent‐extractable chlorophylls (a, b and total) concentrations. Optical chlorophyll measurements and CP concentrations were highly correlated (Yara N‐Tester: r² = 0·77–0·89; Fieldscout CM 1000 NDVI: r² = 0·52–0·84). Crude protein prediction models from the Yara N‐Tester and Fieldscout CM 1000 NDVI accounted for 70–89% and 44–73% CP variability, respectively, in Mulato II and Guinea grass. The Yara N‐tester produced more accurate and reliable CP estimates based on very high concordance correlation coefficient [CCC (0·73–0·91)] and low rMSPE, mean and regression bias. It is concluded that the Yara N‐Tester produces more accurate and reliable CP estimates of tropical pastures.     

五指山耕地土壤养分现状调查与评价

为了明确海南山区耕地土壤养分空间分布特征,为热带山区耕地土壤养分管理提供思路。以海南五指山市耕地为研究对象,采用野外调查、采样和室内分析相结合的方法,阐述土壤养分现状,探讨其土壤养分分布规律。结果表明：五指山耕地土壤总体呈酸性,其pH值为5.1;土壤有机质、有效磷、速效钾和中量元素(钙、镁、硫)含量均为中等或偏下水平,土壤有效铜和有效锌含量较为丰富。五指山耕地土壤酸化和养分含量分布不均主要与气候、母质分布和施肥不平衡有关。     

Soil organic carbon fractions and humic substances are affected by land uses of Caatinga forest in Brazil

Caatinga is a Brazilian dry ecosystem that occupies around 1 million km² and is one of the largest tropical dry forests of the world. About 46% of the area that was originally covered has been deforested. Land use can cause pronounced reduction in soil carbon stocks that play a major role in the global carbon cycle. The objective of this study was to improve our understanding of the effect of land use on oxidizable carbon fractions, total carbon stocks and humic substances in different layers of soil in a Brazilian semi-arid region. We analyzed soils from tropical dry forest (TDF), forest succession with Anadenanthera falcata (ANA), with Tabebuia alba (TAB), secondary scrubby regeneration (SCR), and non-irrigated maize (MS). Forests showed larger fractions of more labile carbon, except for TDF. The most recalcitrant fraction of carbon stock, humin fraction stock, with the different land use decreased by 38–53% compared to TDF. Oxidizable carbon fractions, carbon stocks, and humic fraction stocks were able to differentiate the successional land uses and agricultural cover from TDF, mainly in the 0–5?cm layer. Our results show that changes in land use, especially with ANA forest succession, showed a larger labile carbon fraction, indicating easy decomposition and loss. Our results provide an alternative tool for the management of deforested areas in tropical dry caatinga ecosystems. This would contribute to the conservation of dry forest systems and could serve as guideline for sustainable management of agriculturally impacted caatinga areas.     

BMY牛的选育进展

总结了经历20多年选育的BMY牛所取得的进展,再通过3～5年的努力将完成BMY牛的培育,届时BMY牛将是一个适应我国南方炎热地区的热带肉牛新品种.