Silage and total mixed ration hygienic quality on commercial farms: implications for animal production

Implications of silage hygienic quality for animal production were investigated on forty‐five dairy farms in South West England. Samples of grass and maize silages and of total mixed rations (TMR) were obtained together with information on silage technology, herd size and animal production. Samples were analysed for mycotoxins, bacteria, yeasts, moulds and chemical composition. Thirteen mycotoxins were assayed, but none were detected in the samples of grass silage. However, mycotoxins were found in 0·9 of all maize and other silage samples, with deoxynivalenol and zearalenone predominating. There was no relationship between total mycotoxin concentration and mean lactation milk yield per cow. Enterobacteria counts tended to be higher in maize silage than in grass silage and higher still in TMR – a cause for concern. There were no relationships between mould counts and mycotoxin concentrations in silages, implying that mycotoxins may have been produced in the field pre‐ensiling.     

Whole wheat bread: Effect of bran fractions on dough and end-product quality

Consumption of whole-wheat based products is encouraged due to their important nutritional elements that benefit human health. However, the use of whole-wheat flour is limited because of the poor processing and end-product quality. Bran was postulated as the major problem in whole wheat breadmaking. In this study, four major bran components including lipids, extractable phenolics (EP), hydrolysable phenolics (HP), and fiber were evaluated for their specific functionality in flour, dough and bread baking. The experiment was done by reconstitution approach using the 2⁴ factorial experimental layout. Fiber was identified as a main component to have highly significant (P < 0.05) and negative influence on most breadmaking characteristics. Although HP had positive effect on farinograph stability, it was identified as another main factor that negatively impacted the oven spring and bread loaf volume. Bran oil and EP seemed to be detrimental to most breadmaking characteristics. Overall, statistical analysis indicates that influence of the four bran components are highly complex. The bran components demonstrate multi-way interactions in regards to their influence on dough and bread-making characteristics. Particularly, Fiber appeared to have a high degree of interaction with other bran components and notably influenced the functionality of those components in whole wheat bread-making.     

Polymerisation of gluten proteins in developing wheat grain as affected by desiccation

The breadmaking quality of wheat is affected by the composition of gluten proteins and the polymerisation of subunits that are synthesised and accumulated in developing wheat grain. The biological mechanisms and time course of these events during grain development are documented, but not widely confirmed. Therefore, the aim of this study was to monitor the accumulation of gluten protein subunits and the size distribution of protein aggregates during grain development. The effect of desiccation on the polymerisation of gluten proteins and the functional properties of gluten were also studied. The results showed that the size of glutenin polymers remained consistently low until yellow ripeness (YR), while it increased during grain desiccation after YR. Hence, this polymerisation process was presumed to be initiated by desiccation. A similar polymerisation event was also observed when premature grains were dried artificially. The composition of gluten proteins, the ratios of glutenin to gliadin and high molecular weight-glutenin subunits to low molecular weight-glutenin subunits, in premature grain after artificial desiccation showed close association with the size of glutenin polymers in artificially dried grain. Functional properties of gluten in these samples were also associated with polymer size after artificial desiccation.     

Sorghum extrusion process combined with biofortified sweet potato contributed for high iron bioavailability in Wistar rats

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of sorghum and sweet potato on the bioavailability of iron, gene expression of proteins involved in iron metabolism and the plasma antioxidant capacity in animals fed with whole sorghum grains processed by dry heat or extrusion, combined or not with sweet potato flour with high content of carotenoids. Five experimental groups were tested (n = 7): dry heat sorghum flour (DS); extruded sorghum flour (ES); whole sorghum flour + sweet potato flour (DS + SP); extruded sorghum flour + sweet potato flour (ES + SP) and positive control (FS). The evaluations included: hemoglobin gain, hemoglobin regeneration efficiency, gene expression of divalente metal transporter 1 (DMT-1), duodenal citochroma B (DcytB), ferroportin, hephaestin, transferrin and ferritin and total plasma antioxidant capacity (TAC). The ES + SP group showed higher (p < 0.05) expression of DcytB, ferroportin and hephaestin when compared to the control group. The DS group showed high (p < 0.05) expression of DMT-1 and the ES showed high mRNA expression of transferrin and ferritin. The changes in the sorghum physicochemical properties from extrusion process reduced the iron and phytate content, and increased the gene expression of proteins involved in iron metabolism, improving iron bioavailability. The combination of sweet potato and sorghum flour (dry or extruded) improved the iron capture and total antioxidant capacity, probably due to the presence of β-carotene and antioxidant compounds.     

Kernel vitreousness and protein content: Relationship,interaction and synergistic effects on durum wheat quality

Four sets of durum samples were used in this study to further understand the interrelationships among hard vitreous kernels (HVK), protein content, and pigment concentration, with a focus on the interaction and synergistic effects of protein content and vitreousness on durum quality. HVK level increases with higher protein content in the range of 9.5–12.5%, but this relationship is less evident in durum samples with high protein content (12.5–14.5%). Both protein content and kernel vitreousness can significantly affect durum milling quality. White starchy kernels (WSK) in low protein durum have a very detrimental impact on milling and pasta processing quality, but high protein content can mitigate the adverse impact of WSK on durum quality. Although protein content plays a dominant role, higher HVK might contribute positively to pasta firmness. There was no significant difference in yellow pigment content between HVK and WSK. However, pigment loss from semolina to dough was higher for WSK than HVK. Despite the difference in protein content, HVK and WSK have little difference in gluten strength. The monomeric protein was preferentially accumulated in HVK. The glutenin proteins of HVK and WSK were similar in the ratios of 1Bx/1By and HMW/LMW-GS.     

响应面法优化超声波辅助提取鲜切荸荠黄化组织中黄酮类物质工艺研究

以鲜切荸荠为原料,在单因素试验基础上,通过响应面分析法对鲜切荸荠黄化组织中黄酮类物质的提取条件进行优化。结果表明,超声波辅助提取鲜切荸荠黄化组织中黄酮类物质的最佳工艺条件为:液料比30∶1(m L/g),乙醇体积分数60%,提取温度61℃,提取时间16 min,在该条件下得到黄酮提取量为0.539 4 mg·g~(-1),该结果与预测值0.542 1 mg·g~(-1)接近,表明所建模型与实际情况拟合较好,该优化条件可行。     

超声辅助提取荔枝核黄酮工艺的响应面优化及抗氧化性研究

研究了超声波辅助乙醇溶剂法萃取荔枝核黄酮的工艺条件。在单因素试验基础上,采用BoxBehnken设计进行响应面优化分析,建立回归方程模型,模型决定系数R2=0.985 0。结果表明,优化的最佳工艺参数为:液料比12.7∶1(g/g),超声时间14.7 min,提取时间120 min,超声波功率174 W,乙醇体积分数55%。该工艺条件下,荔枝核黄酮提取实际得率均值为6.565 6%。荔枝核黄酮具有较强的自由基清除能力,其清除·OH和DPPH·的IC50分别为5.938μg·m L~(-1)和8.571μg·m L~(-1)。     

超高压处理对糙米多酚、黄酮类含量及其抗氧化性的影响

超高压处理是一种新型的非热加工技术,具有提高食品安全性和货架期,保持食品原有营养成分等特点。以糙米为研究对象,探究其经不同高压条件处理后,其多酚、黄酮类含量的变化,并分析了上述处理对糙米DPPH自由基清除率、ABTS+·自由基清除率的影响。本实验分别采用一步式超高压(100~400 MPa,5 min和10 min)与两步式超高压(100~400 MPa,5 min+5 min)处理糙米。实验结果表明,在100~300 MPa压力范围内,超高压处理后的糙米酚类、黄酮类含量以及抗氧化活性随着压力的增大而增大。两步式高压处理组(5 min+5 min)糙米的酚类、黄酮类含量以及抗氧化活性高于一步式高压处理组。采用300 MPa两步式高压处理糙米后,其酚类、黄酮类物质保留率可达到97%,这说明超高压是一种较有效的保留糙米中抗氧化物质的非热加工方法。     

响应面法优化米口袋总黄酮的超声提取工艺

旨在采用超声波辅助法提取米口袋中总黄酮并对工艺进行优化。在单因素实验的基础上,确定料液比、超声温度、超声功率、超声时间4个因素的Box-benhnken的实验设计。以总黄酮的提取率为响应值,采用响应面法优化米口袋总黄酮的提取工艺,建立并分析各因素与指标值的数学模型。最佳工艺参数为:料液比1:40 g/m L,超声温度45℃,超声功率300 W,超声时间60 min,总黄酮提取率理论值为8.08%,实际值为8.22%,相对标准偏差为0.33%。本实验方法具有操作简便、提取时间短和成本低等优点,可为后期米口袋的研究提供理论依据。     

山竹果皮总黄酮富集工艺研究

研究D101大孔树脂富集山竹果皮总黄酮的工艺。通过静态、动态相结合的方法,确定D101大孔树脂富集的最佳工艺参数。结果表明,D101大孔树脂对总黄酮动态解析附的效果好于静态,动态解析附的最佳条件为:以流速2 m L/min上样30 m L 2 mg/m L的提取物,且用60 m L 70%乙醇以2 m L/min的流速洗脱,此条件下提取物总黄酮含量由原先的57.8 mg/m L增加到174.2 mg/m L。