BP神经网络在农业植物分类识别中的应用

本文尝试利用BP算法对中国农业植物的56科进行分类识别的训练，其训练结果在精度范围内平均准确率达到90％，实现了科级上的植物分类的快速识别的目的，为植物分类识别工作的智能化提供了又一种思路。     

北京卧佛寺地区土壤系统分类的研究

根据１９９５年《中国土壤系统分类》（修订方案）,卧佛寺地区土壤的诊断层为淡薄表层、雏形层,诊断特征为温性土壤温度状况、半干润土壤水分状况、落叶有机土壤物质、铁质特性、盐基呈饱和状态．该土壤应属雏形土纲、干润雏形土亚纲、铁质干润雏形土类     

数值分类学在真菌分类中的应用及进展(综述)

数值分类学是本世纪50年代后期首先应用于细菌并发展起来的不同于传统分类的新的分类方法。本文对数值分类学在半知菌、子囊菌和担子菌中的应用进展及我国的研究现状作了概括性的回顾,并根据数值分类学原理对应用范例分别进行了分析和讨论,阐述了数值分类学与真菌分类学相结合对提高真菌分类学地位的重要意义。     

Molecular phylogenetics of Pleosporales: Melanommataceae and Lophiostomataceae re-circumscribed (Pleosporomycetidae,Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota)

The classification of Pleosporales has posed major challenges due to the lack of clear understanding of the importance of the morphological characters used to distinguish between different groups in the order. This has resulted in varied taxonomic treatments of many families in the group including Melanommataceae and Lophiostomataceae. In this study we employ two nuclear DNA gene markers, nuclear ribosomal large subunit DNA and translation elongation factor 1-alpha in order to examine the molecular phylogenetics of Pleosporales with strong emphasis on the families Melanommataceae and Lophiostomataceae. Phylogenetic analyses recovered Melanommataceae, Lophiostomataceae, Hypsostromataceae, and a few others as strongly supported clades within the Pleosporales. Melanommataceae as currently circumscribed was found to be polyphyletic. The genera Byssosphaeria, Melanomma, and Pseudotrichia were recovered within the family, while others such as Ostropella and Xenolophium nested outside in a weakly supported group along with Platystomum compressum and Pseudotrichia guatopoensis that may correspond to the family Platystomaceae. The genus Byssosphaeria was recovered as a strongly supported group within the Melanommataceae while Melanomma was weakly supported with unclear relationships among the species. The genera Herpotrichia and Bertiella were also found to belong in the Melanommataceae. Lophiostomataceae occurs as a strongly supported group but its concept is here expanded to include a new genus Misturatosphaeria that bears morphology traditionally not known to occur in the family. The strongly supported clade of Misturatosphaeria contains nine species that have gregarious, papillate ascomata with lighter coloured apices and plugged ostioles and that vary in ascospore morphology from 1- to 3-septate to muriform. Along with a strongly supported Lophiostoma clade, also within the family are Thyridaria macrostomoides based on new sequences from Kenyan collections and Massariosphaeria triseptata, M. grandispora, Westerdykella cylindrica and Preussia terricola based on GenBank sequences. The family Hypsostromataceae was recovered as a strongly supported monophyletic group nested within the Pleosporales.Taxonomic novelties: Misturatosphaeria Mugambi & Huhndorf, gen. nov., M. aurantonotata Mugambi & Huhndorf, sp. nov., M. claviformis Mugambi & Huhndorf, sp. nov., M. cruciformis Mugambi & Huhndorf, sp. nov., M. kenyensis Mugambi & Huhndorf, sp. nov., M. minima Mugambi, A.N. Mill. & Huhndorf, sp. nov., M. tennesseensis Mugambi, A.N. Mill. & Huhndorf, sp. nov., M. uniseptata Mugambi, A.N. Mill. & Huhndorf, sp. nov., M. uniseriata Mugambi, A.N. Mill. & Huhndorf, sp. nov.     

Molecular analysis and pathogenicity of the Cladophialophora carrionii complex,with the description of a novel species

Cladophialophora carrionii is one of the four major etiologic agents of human chromoblastomycosis in semi-arid climates. This species was studied using sequence data of the internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA, the partial β-tubulin gene and an intron in the translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene, in addition to morphology. With all genes a clear bipartition was observed, which corresponded with minute differences in conidiophore morphology. A new species, C. yegresii, was introduced, which appeared to be, in contrast to C. carrionii, associated with living cactus plants. All strains from humans, and a few isolates from dead cactus debris, belonged to C. carrionii, for which a lectotype was designated. Artificial inoculation of cactus plants grown from seeds in the greenhouse showed that both fungi are able to persist in cactus tissue. When reaching the spines they produce cells that morphologically resemble the muriform cells known as the “invasive form” in chromoblastomycosis. The tested clinical strain of C. carrionii proved to be more virulent in cactus than the environmental strain of C. yegresii that originated from the same species of cactus, Stenocereus griseus. The muriform cell expressed in cactus spines can be regarded as the extremotolerant survival phase, and is likely to play an essential role in the natural life cycle of these organisms.Taxonomic novelty: Cladophialophora yegresii de Hoog, sp. nov.     

2个小蘑菇属中国新记录种

对采自广东省的2份小磨菇属Micropsalliota标本进行鉴定,采用形态鉴定和ITS序列比对相结合的方法,最终将这2份标本鉴定为二瓣小蘑菇(Micropsalliota bifida R.L.Zhao,Desjardin,Soytong&K.D.Hyde)和亚白小蘑菇(Micropsalliota subalba ...     

Genetic Diversity and Phylogenetic Relationships in Cotton Based on Isozyme Markers

Summary

Phylogenetic relationships among 16 diploid species, including at least one species for each of the A, C, D, E and G genomic groups, and for the natural AD tetraploid species and one synthetic AD tetraploid species were investigated using starch gel electrophoretic techniques for isozyme detection in conjunction with multivariate analysis. The species were polymorphic for phosphoglucomutase (PGM), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), shikimate dehydrogenase (SKDH), aconitase (ACO) and isozymes, but monomorphic for phosphoglucoisomerase (PGI). Similar isozyme arrays indicated close or perhaps conspecific relationships between natural tetraploids G. hirsutum and G. lanceolatum and between G. barbadense and G. darwinii. Natural tetraploid G. mustelinum was found to be relatively distinct from the other tetraploid species. The synthetic AD tetraploid was intermediate between the natural AD tetraploid and the A and D diploid clusters. The two A genome species, G. aboreum and G. herbaceum were closely related to each other. These results supported the hypothesis that the A and D genome species, or their closely related progenitors, were the ancestors of the tetraploid species. The C₁ and E2 genome diploid species differed extensively from other diploid and tetraploid species, suggesting that they are very distantly related to the diploid and tetraploid species. These genome types would be very useful resources for germplasm introgression and improvement of the cultivated diploid and tetraploid species because of their significant genetic differences.     

纤毛鹅观草、竖立鹅观草及鹅观草种间杂种的形态与细胞遗传学研究

获得了纤毛鹅观草(2n=4x-28,SSYY)、竖立鹅观草(2n=28)和鹅观草(2n=6x=42,SSHHYY)之间3个组合的种间杂种。杂种F_1生活力强,分蘖旺盛,形态上基本呈双亲的中间型。竖立鹅观草与纤毛鹅观草的杂种F_1自交结实率为55％,其他两个杂种F_1自交结实率为0,F_1花粉母细胞中期Ⅰ染色体配对构型和平均臂配对频率(C)(竖立鹅观草×纤毛鹅观草)F_1为12.49+1.21+0.60Ⅰ,C=0.935;(纤毛鹅观草×鹅观草)F_1为11.59+1.58+8.74Ⅰ,C=0.910;(竖立鹅观草×鹅观草)F_1为12.30+0.88+8.64Ⅰ,C=0.884.经3个杂种F_1配对资料分析。它们最适合的数学模型分别为2:2,2:2:1和2:2:1。笔者认为。竖立鹅观草亦为一完全的异源四倍体。其染色体组为SSYY。与纤毛鹅观草的S、Y染色体组相同。与鹅观草对应的S、Y之间也是一致的。从细胞学分类结合形态特征考虑。将竖立鹅观草划为纤毛鹅观草的一个变种可能更为合适。     

植物病原细菌分类最新进展

随着人们对植物病原细菌研究的不断深入,细菌分类一直处于一个变化的过程。除了传统的属被拆分成若干个属以外,新属也不断增加,植物病原细菌属的数量已增至近40个。革兰氏阴性细菌中,传统的欧文氏菌属(Erwinia)又分出了4个属:果胶杆菌属(Pectobacterium)、迪基氏菌属(Dickeya)、泛菌属(Pantoea)和布伦纳氏属(Brenneria),导致作物软腐病的胡萝卜果胶杆菌(Pectobacterium carotovorum)和黑腐果胶杆菌(P.atrosepticum)最初分别归在胡萝卜欧文氏菌胡萝卜亚种(Erwinia carotovora subsp.carotovora)和黑腐亚种(subsp.atroseptica);从假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)中分出了雷尔氏菌属(Ralstonia)、伯克氏菌属(Burkholderia)和噬酸菌属(Acidovorax)。新种的命名更是层出不穷,迪基氏菌属中已陆续增至8个种,导致玉米细菌性茎腐病和水稻细菌性基腐病的病菌现名为玉米迪基氏菌(Dickeya zeae)。有些亚种或致病变种上升为种,导致西瓜细菌性果斑病的病原菌由燕麦噬酸菌西瓜亚种(Acidovorax avenae subsp.citrulli)变为西瓜噬酸菌(Acidovorax citrulli)。很多病原菌的学名经历了数次变更,棉花角斑病的病原原名为野油菜黄单胞菌锦葵致病变种(Xanthomonas campestris pv.malvacearum)和柑橘黄单胞菌锦葵致病变种(X.citri pv.malvacearum),现为地毯草黄单胞菌锦葵致病变种(X.axonopodis pv.malvacearum)。革兰氏阳性细菌家族的成员也在不断壮大。国内学者在学名使用上存在落伍和不规范现象。论文对近年来植物病原细菌分类体系的变化进行了梳理,并呈现了新老拉丁文学名的变化过程。关注植物病原细菌分类学的变化,有助于我们的研究工作与国际接轨。     

Phylogeny and systematics of the genus Calonectria

Species of Calonectria are important plant pathogens, several of which have a worldwide distribution. Contemporary taxonomic studies on these fungi have chiefly relied on DNA sequence comparisons of the β-tubulin gene region. Despite many new species being described, there has been no phylogenetic synthesis for the group since the last monographic study almost a decade ago. In the present study, the identity of a large collection of Calonectria isolates from various geographic regions was determined using morphological and DNA sequence comparisons. This resulted in the discovery of seven new species; Ca. densa, Ca. eucalypti, Ca. humicola, Ca. orientalis, Ca. pini, Ca. pseudoscoparia and Ca. sulawesiensis, bringing the total number of currently accepted Calonectria species to 68. A multigene phylogeny was subsequently constructed for all available Calonectria spp., employing seven gene regions, namely actin, β-tubulin, calmodulin, histone H3, the internal transcribed spacer regions 1 and 2 and the 5.8S gene of the ribosomal RNA, 28S large subunit RNA gene and translation elongation 1-alpha. Based on these data 13 phylogenetic groups could be distinguished within the genus Calonectria that correlated with morphological features. Dichotomous and synoptic keys to all Calonectria spp. currently recognised are also provided.Taxonomic novelties: New combinations - Calonectria angustata (Crous & El-Gholl) L. Lombard, M.J. Wingf. & Crous, Ca. australiensis (Crous & H.D. Hyde) L. Lombard, M.J. Wingf.& Crous, Ca. canadensis (J.C. Kang, Crous & C.L. Schoch) L. Lombard, M.J. Wingf. & Crous, Ca. chinensis (Crous) L. Lombard, M.J. Wingf. & Crous, Ca. citri (H.S. Fawc. & Klotz) L. Lombard, M.J. Wingf. & Crous, Ca. curvata (Boedijn & Reitsma) L. Lombard, M.J. Wingf. & Crous, Ca. curvispora (Crous & D. Victor) L. Lombard, M.J. Wingf. & Crous, Ca. ecuadoriae (Crous& M.J. Wingf.) L. Lombard, M.J. Wingf. & Crous, Ca. gordoniae (Leahy, T.S. Schub. & El-Gholl) L. Lombard, M.J. Wingf. & Crous, Calonectria hawksworthii (Peerally) L. Lombard, M.J. Wingf. & Crous, Calonectria hurae (Crous) L. Lombard, M.J. Wingf. & Crous, Calonectria indonesiae (Crous) L. Lombard, M.J. Wingf. & Crous, Ca. leucothoës (El-Gholl, Leahy & T.S. Schub.) L. Lombard, M.J. Wingf. & Crous, Ca. malesiana (Crous) L. Lombard, M.J. Wingf. & Crous, Ca. multiphialidica (Crous, Simoneau & Risède) L. Lombard, M.J. Wingf. & Crous, Ca. pacifica (J.C. Kang, Crous & C.L. Schoch) L. Lombard, M.J. Wingf. & Crous, Ca. penicilloides (Tubaki) L. Lombard, M.J. Wingf. & Crous, Ca. pseudonaviculata (Crous, J.Z. Groenew. & C.F. Hill) L. Lombard, M.J. Wingf. & Crous, Ca. sumatrensis (Crous) L. Lombard, M.J. Wingf. & Crous. New species - Ca. densa L. Lombard, M.J. Wingf. & Crous, Ca. eucalypti L. Lombard, M.J. Wingf. & Crous, Ca. humicola L. Lombard, M.J. Wingf. & Crous, Ca. orientalis L. Lombard, M.J. Wingf. & Crous, Ca. pini L. Lombard, M.J. Wingf. & Crous, Ca. pseudoscoparia L. Lombard, M.J. Wingf. & Crous, Ca. sulawesiensis L. Lombard, M.J. Wingf. & Crous.