四川省攀西山区代表性烟田土壤系统分类研究

土壤影响着烤烟的产量、质量、香型风格及其彰显程度。认识土壤是合理利用和改良土壤的基础。本研究以我国优质烤烟典型产区四川省攀西山区攀枝花市的米易县和仁和区以及凉山州的会东县和会理县为研究区域,在综合考虑地形地貌、成土母质、土壤条件、烟叶长势和品质的基础上,在上述地区分别确定了5、5、5和4个代表性烟田,基于野外成土因素调查和剖面形态特征观察信息以及第二次土壤普查中大致对应的典型剖面理化信息,初步确立了其在中国土壤系统分类上的归属。结果表明:调查的19个代表性烟田分属富铁土、淋溶土、雏形土和新成土4个土纲,涉及7个亚纲、9个土类和11个亚类。总体来看,这些烟田的优势是土体较厚,岩石碎屑含量适宜,但劣势是耕作层质地偏黏,且部分烟田为坡旱地,存在水土流失风险。     

重庆市潜育水稻土发育特性和系统分类研究

以重庆市境内7个发生分类的潜育水稻土典型剖面作为研究对象,通过剖面形态特征观测和理化性质测定分析,探讨其发育特性和在中国土壤系统分类(CST)中的归属。结果表明,7个供试剖面主要位于丘陵山地下坡、坡麓以及江河沿岸一级阶地,质地多为粉壤土或粉质黏壤土,不同土壤剖面中游离铁分布有较大差异,潜育特征受到人为滞水和地下水的影响,主要出现在耕作表层和受地下水位影响的深度范围内。依据CST,7个典型剖面均具有水耕表层、人为滞水土壤水分状况、潜育特征和氧化还原特征,但1个剖面虽有水耕表层但无水耕氧化还原层而隶属潜育土土纲中的石灰简育正常潜育土亚类;其余6个剖面具有水耕表层和水耕氧化还原层而分别隶属于水耕人为土亚纲中的复钙潜育水耕人为土、铁聚潜育水耕人为土和普通潜育水耕人为土亚类,依据土族和土系划分标准,建立了5个土族和7个土系。值得注意的是,目前CST中简育正常潜育土尚没有反映人为水耕活动影响(即水耕现象)的亚类,因此可以考虑新增水耕简育正常潜育土亚类。     

57株镰孢菌ISSR分子标记及其遗传多样性分析

为明确美丽组尖孢镰孢菌和李瑟组镰孢菌种间和种内的差异与亲缘关系,以采自不同寄主的57株镰孢菌(Fusarium)为研究对象,采用ISSR-PCR标记技术对其进行遗传多样性分析,结果表明:利用11条引物对供试的3种菌株进行ISSR-PCR扩增,共扩增出121条条带,其中多态性位点为117个,多态性比例为96.7%,平均每条引物产生条带为11条。说明镰孢菌基因组DNA的SSR区域具有明显的多态性,镰孢菌的遗传多样性采用ISSR技术是可行的分析。聚类分析结果表明:57个菌株间的遗传相似系数为0.568～0.992,当相似系数为0.568时,供试菌株可明显分为两大类群,第一类群IG-I为1～35,全部为美丽组尖孢镰孢菌,第二类群IG-II为36～57,全部为李瑟组镰孢菌;第二类群又可以分为两大亚类群,第一亚类为轮枝镰孢菌,第二亚类为层生镰孢菌。ISSR类群划分与镰孢菌菌种分类之间具有一定的相关性,而与其地理来源无相关性。本研究镰孢菌种间与种内均表现出明显的遗传差异。     

中国东北地区的暗沃土

暗沃土是美国土壤系统分类中的一个土纲,农民群众通常称之为黑土,是一类肥沃的土壤。中国东北地区的暗沃土面积约347 510 km2,占全区总面积的28.12%,简述其形成、分类和分布及其利用和管理。     

须弥红豆杉的分类学及生态学研究

须弥红豆杉是我国红豆杉树种中分布面积最广、资源量最丰富的种类,在介绍须弥红豆杉基本形态特征的基础上,对其分类学、生态习性、地理分布等方面的研究进行了综述,提出了一些关于在异质环境中须弥红豆杉幼苗适应性变化的问题。     

杂草稻分类及起源研究进展

杂草稻已成为影响全球水稻生产的恶性杂草.关于分类及起源一直是杂草稻研究的热点问题,但至今尚无定论.杂草稻是指在人工栽培稻田中或稻田周边耕地里,通过种子落粒等对自然环境的极强适应能力而自然繁衍其群体,对稻田生态系统产生不利影响的稻属植株或群体.一般可根据形态特性、籼粳亚种属性、栽培型和野生型对杂草稻进行分类.杂草稻可能起源于栽培稻与野生稻的基因渐渗、籼粳亚中间杂交和栽培稻种间杂交,部分杂草稻可能是普通野生稻演化成原始栽培稻的过渡形态,栽培稻与杂草稻自然异交可产生更多的杂草稻类型.因此,提出了杂草稻分散起源的假说,认为杂草稻很可能是多次起源,而且杂草稻在不同地区可能是分散起源.对利用籼粳基因组分化和稻属驯化相关基因研究杂草稻起源的可行性及重要意义进行了分析.     

基于两个核基因序列研究龟鳖类的系统进化特征

为从核基因的角度探讨龟鳖类的系统发育特征,采用PCR扩增和测序的方法,获得两种龟的R35内含子部分序列以及6种龟的RAG2基因部分序列,结合NCBI其它龟鳖的同源序列一并进行分析。结果表明：将R35序列比对后得到941 bp的一致序列,将RAG2比对后得到620 bp的一致序列,二者合并后,比对排序后得到1561 bp的一致序列,其中共有505个可变核苷酸位点,总变异率为32.35%;简约信息位点为239个,插入/缺失为139个,转换/颠换比率为1.64。碱基A、T、G、C的平均含量分别为29.5%、28.5%、22.8%、19.2%。海龟科和鳄龟科之间Kimura双参数（K-2-P）遗传距离最小（0.025）,鳖科和南美侧颈龟科之间的遗传距离最大（0.182）。分子系统树结果显示：1）陆龟科与潮龟科先聚在一起,再与龟科聚在一起,陆龟科与潮龟科构成一个单系类群;2）支持陆龟总科与鳄龟科＋海龟总科构成姐妹群;3）鳄龟科和海龟总科是姐妹群的关系。     

Characterization of the Xanthomonas sp. causing wilt of enset and banana and its proposed reclassification as a strain of X. vasicola

Comparative analyses were undertaken to characterize Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum, the causal agent of a wilt of enset and banana, and to assess its relatedness to other xanthomonads by fatty acid methyl esters, genomic fingerprinting using rep-PCR and partial nucleotide sequencing of the gyrase B gene. The results from all three analyses indicated that strains of X. campestris pv. musacearum are homogeneous and very similar to X. vasicola strains isolated from sugarcane and maize from Africa. Pathogenicity studies indicated that strains of X. vasicola pv. holcicola and X. vasicola from sugarcane induced no symptoms on banana, whereas X. campestris pv . musacearum produced severe disease. These data will support a future proposed reclassification of X. campestris pv. musacearum as X. vasicola pv . musacearum when more data are available.     

中国木生真菌一新记录种———光盖革孔菌

木生真菌是指生长在树木或木材上,能够降解木材中组成植物细胞壁的木质素、纤维素或半纤维素,并作为其营养的一类真菌,凡是有树木生长、存放和使用的木材,如各种活立木、枯立木、倒木、伐桩、贮木场的原木、矿木、枕木、桥梁木和各种木制品上,几乎都有木生真菌的发生.     

Molecular phylogenetics of Pleosporales: Melanommataceae and Lophiostomataceae re-circumscribed (Pleosporomycetidae,Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota)

The classification of Pleosporales has posed major challenges due to the lack of clear understanding of the importance of the morphological characters used to distinguish between different groups in the order. This has resulted in varied taxonomic treatments of many families in the group including Melanommataceae and Lophiostomataceae. In this study we employ two nuclear DNA gene markers, nuclear ribosomal large subunit DNA and translation elongation factor 1-alpha in order to examine the molecular phylogenetics of Pleosporales with strong emphasis on the families Melanommataceae and Lophiostomataceae. Phylogenetic analyses recovered Melanommataceae, Lophiostomataceae, Hypsostromataceae, and a few others as strongly supported clades within the Pleosporales. Melanommataceae as currently circumscribed was found to be polyphyletic. The genera Byssosphaeria, Melanomma, and Pseudotrichia were recovered within the family, while others such as Ostropella and Xenolophium nested outside in a weakly supported group along with Platystomum compressum and Pseudotrichia guatopoensis that may correspond to the family Platystomaceae. The genus Byssosphaeria was recovered as a strongly supported group within the Melanommataceae while Melanomma was weakly supported with unclear relationships among the species. The genera Herpotrichia and Bertiella were also found to belong in the Melanommataceae. Lophiostomataceae occurs as a strongly supported group but its concept is here expanded to include a new genus Misturatosphaeria that bears morphology traditionally not known to occur in the family. The strongly supported clade of Misturatosphaeria contains nine species that have gregarious, papillate ascomata with lighter coloured apices and plugged ostioles and that vary in ascospore morphology from 1- to 3-septate to muriform. Along with a strongly supported Lophiostoma clade, also within the family are Thyridaria macrostomoides based on new sequences from Kenyan collections and Massariosphaeria triseptata, M. grandispora, Westerdykella cylindrica and Preussia terricola based on GenBank sequences. The family Hypsostromataceae was recovered as a strongly supported monophyletic group nested within the Pleosporales.Taxonomic novelties: Misturatosphaeria Mugambi & Huhndorf, gen. nov., M. aurantonotata Mugambi & Huhndorf, sp. nov., M. claviformis Mugambi & Huhndorf, sp. nov., M. cruciformis Mugambi & Huhndorf, sp. nov., M. kenyensis Mugambi & Huhndorf, sp. nov., M. minima Mugambi, A.N. Mill. & Huhndorf, sp. nov., M. tennesseensis Mugambi, A.N. Mill. & Huhndorf, sp. nov., M. uniseptata Mugambi, A.N. Mill. & Huhndorf, sp. nov., M. uniseriata Mugambi, A.N. Mill. & Huhndorf, sp. nov.