负载敏感技术在甘蔗联合收割机上的应用

甘蔗联合收割机由于执行元件的复杂性及液压系统负载的多变性,在作业过程中造成了大量的液压能损失现象.为改善收割机的节能性,在对负载敏感系统的工作原理进行分析的基础上首次提出了将负载敏感技术应用于甘蔗联合收割机的节能观点,并为其负载敏感系统匹配了相关参数.基于AMESim平台的静、动态仿真结果表明,在系统压力达到调压阀设定压力之前,系统的流量仅取决于流量阀的开口而与负载无关,负载敏感阀将根据流量阀的开口自动调节变量泵的排量.在系统压力达到调压阀设定压力之后,系统压力仅取决于调压阀的设定值,而与负载无关,此时负载敏感阀将自动调节变量泵的排量使其恰好与负载的需要相适应,控制过程的压力损失小于1 MPa,从而大大减小了甘蔗联合收割机的液压能损失.     

滴灌施肥条件下氮钾分配时期对甘蔗产量和品质的影响

滴灌施肥技术是现代可持续农业发展的一项综合管理技术措施.本试验采用露天盆栽进行甘蔗种植,设置了滴灌条件下4个氮钾分配时期,同时设置了一个常规种植方式作对比.研究结果表明,滴灌施肥显著促进了甘蔗的生长,在施用常规氮钾肥用量1/2的情况下,比常规施肥获得更高的甘蔗产量.滴灌条件下,氮钾不同分配时期对甘蔗产量和品质有显著影响.通过滴灌系统按甘蔗"苗期、分蘖期一伸长期一成熟期"以20%一60%一20%的氟钾肥料比例分多次施用的处理效果最好,甘蔗的茎长、产量、甘蔗品质、甘蔗根系等都优于其他的分配方式,其单茎重达1.92 kg,甘蔗蔗糖分含量达到17.26%.通过滴灌系统合理施用氮钾肥既有经济效益,又有环境效益.     

Protective mechanism of metallothionein on cultivated rat cardiomyocytes in hypoxic preconditioning

AIM: Studying the mechanism of protective role of metallothionein(MT) in hypoxic preconditioning(HPC) of cultivated rat cardiomyocytes. METHODS:Using the model of hypoxia/reoxygenation of cultivated rat cardiomyocytes. Determining the contents of MT, malonyldialdehyde (MDA)-metabolism product of lipid peroxidation and the activities of Na⁺-K⁺ATPase, Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺ATPase of cardiomyocytes 24h after HPC, also determining the relevant changes after using MT antibody. RESULTS: After 24 h in HPC, the contents of MT and activities of Na⁺-K⁺ATPase, Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺ATPase were obviously higher than those in the control and hypoxia/reoxygenation(P＜0.05), and the contents of MDA were decreased remarkedly (P＜0.01). Then after using MT antibody, the activities of two enzyme were progressively decreased and the contents of MDA were significantly higher than those in the control and MT antibody-free groups(P＜0.01). CONCLUSION: HPC may induce excessive synthesis of MT, and MT can protect myocardial reoxygenation injury by eliminating lipid peroxidation and rising the activities of Na⁺-K⁺ATPase and Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺ATPase.     

甘蔗叶不同还田方式对土壤养分的影响

为减轻秸秆焚烧所带来的环境问题和充分利用甘蔗叶资源,在大田环境下动态监测甘蔗叶粉碎、焚烧和深埋3种还田方式对土壤养分的影响。结果表明:甘蔗叶粉碎还田和深埋还田有利于甘蔗叶中有机碳及氮、磷、钾养分的缓慢释放;甘蔗叶焚烧还田提高了土壤碱解氮含量5.6~20.9 mg/kg和速效磷含量0.8~4.0 mg/kg,促进土壤中氮磷向有效态转化,焚烧还田初期显著增加了土壤速效钾的含量12.3~18.3 mg/kg,但焚烧会损失部分甘蔗叶中碳氮元素,也造成环境污染。综合分析认为甘蔗叶粉碎还田是比较省工、方便的处理方式。     

Changes in photosynthesis,growth, and sugar content of commercial sugarcane cultivars and Erianthus under flood conditions

Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is an economical crop in the tropical and subtropical countries. However, because of global climate change, flooding has become problematic, particularly during the rainy season, in Thailand. We investigated the effects of floods on three commercial sugarcane cultivars, namely NiF8, U-thong 6 (UT6), and U-thong 9 (UT9), as well as Erianthus spp. Growth was assessed using a pot experiment in a glasshouse with two treatments: (1) control and (2) 60 d of flooding followed by 30 d of normal conditions. In comparison with control, during prolonged flooding, Erianthus showed greatly decreased CO₂ assimilation, whereas NiF8, UT6, and UT9 showed slightly declined CO₂ assimilation. Growth in plants subjected to 60 d of flooding was less influenced by floods while sucrose content was not affected except in UT6. During flooding, some roots died, resulting in plants compensating adventitious roots to offset the negative effects of root death and to assist them in maintaining their growth, which appeared from the submerged nodes, with different characteristics for each cultivar. However, 30 d after draining, roots remained damaged, while adventitious roots died, resulting in lesser growth as compared with the control, but it did not significantly affect sucrose content and sugar yield. This study suggests that sugarcane plants need to produce the adventitious roots to compensate their roots’ death during flooding and require time to recover their root system after flooding for obtaining the optimum yield and quality at harvest.     

喷施乙烯利对‘HAES900’澳洲坚果果实脱落和品质的影响

为解决澳洲坚果采收难和采收成本高的关键问题,以‘HAES900’澳洲坚果成龄结果树为材料,在采收期分别喷施低浓度梯度(0.40、0.65、0.90 g/L)和高浓度梯度(0.80、1.30、1.80 g/L)的乙烯利溶液,对喷施乙烯利溶液后的落果率、果柄附着力和果实品质进行了调查和分析。结果表明,低浓度乙烯利对果实脱落有促进作用,但落果率达不到生产要求;喷施1.80 g/L的乙烯利溶液2周和4周后的落果率分别达到98.75%和100.00%,可满足生产要求;喷施浓度为0.80、1.30和1.80 g/L的乙烯利会使果柄附着力显著降低,且果柄附着力与落果率呈极显著负相关;果柄附着力可作为判断澳洲坚果适宜采收期的指标之一。采用本方法采收对壳果含水量、单壳果重、壳果平均横径、单果仁重、出仁率和一级果仁率等品质参数无显著影响,且可缩短澳洲坚果采收周期,降低采收成本。     

蔗糖转化酶家族基因进化、表达及对草莓果实糖分积累的影响

在草莓蔗糖碱性/中性转化酶家族基因(Fa.A/N-Inv)成员序列分析的基础上,以‘申阳’和‘红颜’草莓为材料,利用实时定量PCR技术分析了Fa.A/N-Inv家族基因在不同条件下的表达模式,利用分光光度法测定了果实发育过程中A/N-Inv酶活性,利用高效液相色谱法分析了果实发育阶段糖分积累规律。结果表明:(1)Fa.A/N-Inv是由8个成员组成的多基因家族;(2)4个Fa.A/N-Invs不仅具有组织特异性,还具有果实发育阶段特异性和品种特异性表达特点;(3)4个Fa.A/N-Invs的表达受细胞分裂素(BA)、赤霉素(GA)和生长素(IAA)诱导;(4)蔗糖和葡萄糖作为A/N-Inv酶促反应的底物和产物,分别对4个Fa.A/N-Invs转录表达起正、负反馈调节作用,此外蔗糖还可作为一种信号分子诱导Fa.A/N-Invs表达;(5)‘申阳’草莓A/N-Inv酶活性在绿果阶段低于‘红颜’,其余阶段均高于‘红颜’;(6)成熟果实中蔗糖含量‘红颜’(50.7 mg·g~(-1) FW)约为‘申阳’(23.2 mg·g~(-1) FW)的2倍。     

甘蔗白条病及其致病菌Xanthomonas albilineans研究进展

由白条黄单胞杆菌Xanthomonas albilineans引起的甘蔗白条病是一种寄生在植物维管组织的系统性细菌病害,在全球多数种植甘蔗的国家或地区普遍发生,对甘蔗产业的发展构成潜在威胁。本研究综述了甘蔗白条病的发生和分布、传播与流行规律以及病原菌生物学与基因组特性、鉴定与检测、遗传多样性和致病机理等方面内容;提出加强抗病种质挖掘与新品种选育推广、加快抗病分子育种进程、切断病害传播途径、加强隔离检验检疫等病害防控策略;此外,评估了该病害在我国蔗区流行暴发的风险,展望今后甘蔗抗病分子育种、病原菌致病机制及其与寄主互作机理等方面的分子基础研究重点与应用前景。     

广西甘蔗地冬季黏虫发生调查初报

于2014—2018年冬季,在广西桂南地区、桂中、桂西和桂东南地区选择不同类型甘蔗地,调查黏虫发生及为害情况。结果表明,新植蔗和收割后焚烧蔗叶的宿根蔗地极少发现黏虫,而收割后蔗叶(直接或粉碎)还田的宿根蔗地发现有不同龄期的幼虫为害,老蔗地亦发现老熟幼虫或蛹,但虫口密度低。数据显示,广西桂南地区冬季甘蔗地黏虫虫口密度最大。其中,2017年南宁市武鸣区虫口密度最高,达8.9头/m^2,其次是桂东南地区,桂中地区和桂西地区极少或未发现黏虫。     

基于计算机视觉识别技术的甘蔗种植机械化研究

针对当前甘蔗种植机械化现状,优化机具设计,并应用计算机视觉识别技术,自动识别切种长度,预切甘蔗种,以便实现精密化、机械化的甘蔗种植。在计算机视觉识别技术支持下优化设计甘蔗种植设备,不仅可提升识别甘蔗茎节的正确率(提升80%),还可以提升甘蔗种植效益(提升20%),取得较好的经济效益。为此,设计了基于计算机视觉识别技术甘的蔗种植机械化设备,可提升甘蔗种植机械化水平,提高甘蔗预切种正确率,提升甘蔗机械化种植效益,产生积极影响。