温度胁迫对转Bt基因抗虫棉毒蛋白的表达和棉铃虫死亡率的影响

 于花铃期对科棉1号棉株进行连续48 h的不同温度处理,用处理后的叶片饲喂棉铃虫,研究叶片活性、毒蛋白和棉铃虫死亡率之间的关系。结果表明,游离氨基酸含量一直增加,12 h内增加最快;可溶性蛋白含量一直下降,12 h内降幅最大。毒蛋白含量24 h内显著下降,12 h内降幅最大。25 ℃处理下的死亡率明显高于20℃和35℃处理。同一温度下,胁迫时间越长,棉铃虫取食后的死亡率越低。棉铃虫取食72 h后的死亡率明显低于144 h后的死亡率。取食72 h后的死亡率与可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸和毒蛋白含量呈显著或极显著相关,与可溶性蛋白和毒蛋白变化量之间呈显著相关。     

Effect of cytoplasmic male-sterility in sorghum on host plant interaction with sorghum midge,Contarinia sorghicola

Summary Sorghum midge, Contarinia sorghicola Coq. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) is one of the most important pests of grain sorghum worldwide. We studied the reaction of midge-resistant and midge-susceptible genic-cytoplasmic male-sterile (A-lines) and their maintainers (B-lines), and the effect of resistant and susceptible restorers on sorghum midge. Midge damage and adult emergence were significantly lower on the B-lines of midge-resistant genotypes (PM 7061 and PM 7068) than their corresponding A-lines, while the reverse was true for the midge-susceptible genotypes (296A and ICSA 42). Differences in midge damage and the number of midges emerged were not significant between the midge-resistant and midge-susceptible A-lines when infested without pollination (except midge emergence on PM 7061A). Pollination with a midge-resistant restorer (DJ6541) reduced midge emergence significantly in one of two seasons. Source of pollen did not influence midge emergence on the highly-resistant A-line, PM 7061A. The implications of these observations in the development of midge-resistant hybrids were discussed.     

In vitro Selection for Tolerance to Fusarium in F1 Microspore Populations of Wheat

Microspore populations of eight Fhybrids of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) whose parents had different levels of resistance to Fusarium were screened in vitro, using phytotoxins of Fusarium as biochemical probe. Two selection methods were compared for the in vitro selection: either embryoids and calli were first initiated from anthers in toxin-free medium and then grown on medium with 0.3—0.9 %Fusarium toxin; or anthers were immediately cultured in modified liquid potato-2 medium in the presence of 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5ml Fusarium toxin per liter culture medium, a concentration which reduced the number of calli and embryoids to about 10 % compared to the toxin-free controls. Microspores from donor hybrids which were produced from very susceptible cultivars were killed by lower toxin concentrations than micro-spores from hybrids of less susceptible parents. From surviving calli and embryoids, originally initiated from 242,000 anthers in both procedures a total of 375 green lines could be regenerated. The results indicate that it is possible to enrich the fraction of regenerating microspores by those which contain the gene complex responsible for reduced susceptibility to Fusarium by the use of a pathotoxin.     

不同种质玉米自交系种子萌发的干旱胁迫研究

种子萌发期被认为是作物生长的关键时期,也是衡量作物耐旱性强弱的重要时期。为了明确不同玉米自交系的耐旱性,本研究采用聚乙二醇(PEG)模拟干旱条件,对254份不同种质玉米自交系进行种子萌发期处理。通过检测发芽指数、发芽率、根数、根鲜重、根干重、茎鲜重、茎干重、根长、苗高等种子发芽性状,以其相对值为指标,鉴定不同自交系种子萌发期的耐旱性。结果表明,在5%PEG6000浓度胁迫时,种子萌发程度低,当PEG浓度为10%时,种子萌发受抑制程度较高;各性状相对指标都与品种综合抗旱能力呈显著或极显著正相关;不同自交系的耐旱性存在较大差异,通过隶属函数法结合抗旱分级标准筛选出99份中等耐旱材料。因此,该方法可以作为一种简单的玉米自交系萌发期耐旱性鉴定方法。     

黄瓜酶促抗氧化系统对逆境胁迫的生理响应研究进展

黄瓜是一种深受消费者喜爱的蔬菜,但其在采后贮运过程中不可避免地会受到机械损伤、高温、冷害、盐碱、病虫害等环境的胁迫。当遭受逆境胁迫时,其体内的酶促抗氧化系统会对逆境胁迫做出相应的生理响应加以抵抗,以减轻因受到逆境胁迫对其品质造成的伤害。本文主要介绍植物体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)等抗氧化酶系统,综述黄瓜酶促抗氧化系统对逆境胁迫生理响应的研究进展,旨在对黄瓜果实采后逆境胁迫防控提供一定的参考。     

Creation of a New Resistant Germplasm to Verticillium Wilt by Distant Hybridization in Upland Cotton

To create new germplasm lines resistant to Verticillium wilt in upland cotton, 65 distant hybridization germplasm lines (DHGLs) in upland cotton genetic background were cultivated by interspecific hybridization between Gossypium hirsutum and wild species including G. anomalum, G. armourianum, G. aridum, G. raimondii, G. mustelinum, interspecific F₁ backcrossing with G. hirsutum for four generations, and selfing for four generations, followed by a conventional breeding program. The results of agronomic trait identification during 2011-2012 indicated that average plant heights of DHGLs were closely similar to commercial cultivars of upland cotton, while average fruit branches, fruit nodes, bolls of DHGLs individual plant were lower than those in commercial cultivars of upland cotton. Average single boll weight and lint percentage of DHGLs were lower than commercial cultivars of upland cotton. Fiber length, strength, fineness and maturity of DHGLs were reasonably collocated. Fiber of most lines was suitable for spinning extra high count yarn, but the main fiber quality indices of commercial cultivars of upland cotton were not well coordinated. Identification of resistance to Verticillium wilt in defoliation disease nursery during 2012-2013 indicated that five DHGLs resistant to Verticillium wilt . Suyuan 040, Suyuan 045 and Suyuan 061 were highly resistant to Verticillium wilt with a disease index of 8.33, 4.35 and 7.79, respectively. Suyuan 030 and Suyuan 034 were resistant to Verticillium wilt with a disease index of 12.35 and 13.70, respectively. The genetic relationship of new germplasm lines resistant to Verticillium wilt were traced and showed that Suyuan 040 and Suyuan 045 were DHGLs of G. raimondii, Suyuan 061 was DHGL of G.mustelinum, Suyuan 030 and Suyuan 034 were DHGLs of G. aridum.     

Resistance and partial resistance to Phytophthora sojae in early maturity group soybean plant introductions

Phytophthora sojae, an important yield limiting pathogen of soybean, causes seed, seedling, root, and stem rots. Losses caused by P. sojae can be controlled by both major gene and partial resistance. Early maturity group (MG) soybeans are an increasingly important crop in northwestern Minnesota and eastern North Dakota. Early MG plant introductions (PIs) from the USDA Soybean Germplasm Collection and early MG public and private cultivars were evaluated for resistance and partial resistance to P. sojae. Of the 113 PIs, PI438445, and PI438454 exhibited resistance to P. sojae races 4, 7, 17, and 28 indicating they may possess either Rps1c, Rps1k, previously unidentified or multiple resistance gene to Phytophthora sojae (Rps) genes. Because they exhibited partial resistance equal to or greater than the standard check cultivar Conrad, three early MG soybean cultivars (MN0902, MN0302, and 91B53) were selected as standard checks to evaluate early MG PIs for partial resistance. Sixty-nine PIs were evaluated for partial resistance to P. sojae races 7 and 25 using the inoculum layer method. Of this group of PIs, 22 had the same level of partial resistance as Conrad to P. sojae race 7 while 19 had the same degree of partial resistance to race 25. Twelve PIs had same level of partial resistance as Conrad to both P. sojae races 7 and 25. The PIs and cultivars identified in this study will be of great value in developing early MG soybean cultivars suitable for planting in Canada and the northern United States.     

大豆耐低磷胁迫研究进展

磷是作物生长发育不可缺少的营养元素之一,但它在土壤中有效性是非常低的.缺磷是限制目前农业产量的一个重要因子,传统的农业生产主要通过施肥和土壤改良来满足植物对磷的需求,近年来人们开始发掘磷高效利用植物来替代传统方法提高磷的利用效率.在缺磷胁迫下,植物会产生一系列的包括根系形态及生理方面的适应性变化.本文综述了低磷胁迫对大豆根系、光合作用等影响的研究进展,大豆耐低磷胁迫的遗传学研究进展,以及讨论当前大豆磷效率遗传研究中存在的主要问题.     

干旱胁迫对金光杏梅叶片渗透调节物质和光合作用的影响

以金光杏梅盆栽幼苗为试材,研究了干旱胁迫对金光杏梅叶片渗透调节物质含量和光合作用日变化的影响.结果表明:随着干旱胁迫程度的增加,金光杏梅叶片相对含水量和叶绿素含量都明显降低;细胞质膜透性、丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性糖、脯氨酸(Pro)的含量显著增加;叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度等都随着干旱胁迫的加重而降低,细胞间隙CO2浓度随着干旱胁迫的加重而升高;轻度干旱胁迫下,气孔限制是净光合速率降低的主要原因;严重干旱胁迫下,非气孔限制是净光合速率降低的主要原因.     

中央储备粮中主要害虫种类及抗性状况调查

通过对246个中央储备粮库磷化氢熏蒸杀虫应用情况的调查信息分析,归纳了当前中央储备粮储藏中通常发生的主要害虫种类及其对应于储粮生态区域分布的差异性,通过对磷化氢熏蒸杀虫难度的调查,研究了储粮害虫对磷化氢的抗性概况,并对磷化氢有效熏蒸杀虫提出大体建议.结果表明,在中央储备粮中实际发生的害虫种类很少,只有米象、玉米象、谷蠹、赤拟谷盗、锯谷盗、长角扁谷盗、锈赤扁谷盗、土耳其扁谷盗和书虱常见.而较难熏蒸治理的种类主要是书虱、长角扁谷盗、土耳其扁谷盗、锈赤扁谷盗、谷蠹、米象、赤拟谷盗等,且熏蒸治理难度较大的储粮区主要在华南区、华东华中区和西南区.