用豆油代替鱼油对虹鳟生长、非特异性免疫和组织酶活性的影响

研究了用豆油代替鱼油对体重为（33．75±0．28）g虹鳟Oncorhynchus mykiss生长性能、免疫和组织酶活性的影响。试验共分4个处理,每个处理设3个重复,每个重复放80尾鱼,分别添加18％（质量分数,下同）鱼油（G1组）、6％鱼油＋12％豆油（G2组）、3％鱼油＋15％豆油（G3组）和18％豆油（G4组）。试验期间水温为12．5～16．5℃,溶解氧为7．8～10mg／L,每天饲喂2次,试验共进行8周。结果表明：豆油部分或全部代替鱼油对虹鳟试验末体重、体长、肥满度、特定生长率、饵料系数和日增重未产生显著影响（P〉0．05）,G2组试验末体重、特定生长率、日增重分别较对照组（G1组）提高7．99％、11．85％和13．89％,饵料系数下降12．82％。与G1组相比,G3组鱼血浆和肝脏中碱性磷酸酶活性显著提高（P〈0．05）,肝脏和肾脏中酸性磷酸酶的活性显著提高（P〈0．01）;G4组鱼肝脏中溶菌酶活性显著降低（P〈0．05）,G2、G3组也呈下降趋势,但差异不显著;各试验组鱼鳃中丙二醛活性显著（P〈0．05）或极显著降低（P〈0．05）;G3组鱼肝脏中过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性显著升高（P〈0．05）,12;3、G4组鱼肾脏中CAT也显著升高（P〈0．05）。可见,用豆油可以部分代替鱼油用于虹鳟生产,但用豆油完全代替鱼油会影响虹鳟鱼体的免疫力。试验表明,用添加质量分数为6％鱼油＋12％豆油的饲料饲养虹鳟时,虹鳟的生产性能最好。     

米曲霉高产蛋白酶菌株的选育及在酱油酿造中的应用研究

[目的]筛选蛋白酶活力高的菌株酿造酱油.[方法]通过对沪酿3042米曲霉进行紫外线和LiCl复合诱变, 筛选高产蛋白酶突变株,并对其遗传稳定性和产生的蛋白酶性质进行研究,同时将该突变株应用于酱油酿造试验.[结果]通过诱变得到高产蛋白酶突变株米曲霉UF366, 其蛋白酶活力达1 440 U/g,比对照提高了33.3;.UF366菌株的遗传稳定性好,在pH 7.2,40℃时其中性蛋白酶活力最高;在90℃处理30 min,蛋白酶活力完全丧失.[结论]采用UF366米曲霉发酵的酱油氨基酸态氮和全氮分别为0.637和1.14 g/100 mL,与出发菌株沪酿3042米曲霉相比分别提高了36.7;和39.0;.     

大豆蛋白的结构、营养及功能性质的研究进展

简要综述了大豆分离蛋白、大豆伴球蛋白及大豆球蛋白的结构、营养价值及功能等方面的研究进展,对大豆蛋白在食品体系中的广泛应用提供参考。     

He-Ne激光辐照对大豆幼苗异黄酮含量的影响

用波长为632.8 nm的He-Ne激光辐照大豆种子胚,研究辐照时间对发芽率、幼苗株高及幼苗子叶、叶片和茎中大豆异黄酮含量的影响。结果表明:大豆种子胚经3.6 mW/mm2激光辐照1～7 min后,其发芽率、幼苗株高、幼苗苯丙氨酸转氨酶(PAL)活性、游离苯丙氨酸(Phe)和大豆异黄酮含量均高于对照组(ck)。其中以幼苗叶辐照5 min后和子叶辐照7 min后,大豆异黄酮含量的提高最为明显,分别为42.6%和36.7%。本研究还从大豆异黄酮合成代谢起始酶PAL活性、合成前体Phe含量两方面探讨了激光辐照大豆种子胚提高其幼苗大豆异黄酮含量的机理。     

前处理对大豆分离蛋白热凝胶流变学特性的影响

为了研究不同因素对大豆分离蛋白热凝胶流变学特性所产生的影响,通过改变大豆分离蛋白液的加热温度、pH以及无机盐的含量,采用旋转流变仪研究了不同大豆分离蛋白热凝胶的流变学特性.结果表明,大豆分离蛋白热凝胶的弹性模量G'随着扫描频率的降低而减小;制备凝胶时的热处理温度、盐离子含量以及pH均对大豆分离蛋白热凝胶的流变学特性产生...     

Life cycle fitness differences in Daphnia magna fed Roundup‐Ready soybean or conventional soybean or organic soybean

A lifelong feeding study with soybean from different production systems was carried out in the crustacean Daphnia magna (water flea), an acknowledged model organism for ecotoxicological studies. Experimental diets were prepared with soybean meal from different agriculture production systems: (i) genetically modified Roundup‐Ready soy (Glyphosate‐Tolerant), (ii) conventional soy and (iii) soy from organic agriculture (agriculture with neither synthetic pesticides nor synthetic fertilizers). Overall, feed produced from organic soybeans resulted in the highest fitness (higher survival, better growth and fecundity) in the model organism. Animals fed Roundup‐Ready soybean consistently performed less well compared to animals fed either conventional or organic soybeans. We conclude that accumulation of herbicide residues in Roundup‐Ready soy and related nutritional differences between the soy types may have caused the observed fitness differences. The results accentuate the need for further research clarifying qualitative aspects, including potential large‐scale consequences for food and feed quality, of this dominant crop.     

表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯对大豆分离蛋白凝胶的影响

为改善大豆分离蛋白(SPI)凝胶的强度,在SPI热诱导或酶诱导形成凝胶过程中添加表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG),制备EGCG/SPI凝胶体系.通过表面疏水性、自由巯基含量、内源荧光光谱和圆二色谱分析体系中SPI的结构改变,发现EGCG的添加提高了SPI的表面疏水性和自由巯基含量,蛋白质链展开,出现松弛和拉伸,分子柔性增加.圆二色谱结果表明无序结构(β-转角和无规卷曲)含量明显增加,β-折叠含量明显减少.进一步研究了热诱导和酶诱导下EGCG/SPI凝胶体系的形成作用力、凝胶强度、流变学特性、持水力及表面形貌的变化,结果表明,EGCG的添加增强了热凝胶中的氢键、疏水相互作用和二硫键,EGCG/SPI凝胶具有更高的持水力、凝胶强度和储存模量,以及更为紧密的三维网络结构.     

The USDA trypsin inhibitor study. I. Background,objectives, and procedural details

Short-term feeding studies have shown that raw soy flour and purified trypsin inhibitors (TI) cause pancreatic hypertrophy and hyperplasia in certain monogastric animals. Prolonged exposure to high levels of TI in raw soy ultimately leads to pancreatic nodular hyperplasia and acinar cell adenoma in rats exposed to low levels of pancreatic carcinogens. Such change has been observed even in the absence of any exposure to known carcinogens. These results emphasized the need for chronic (2 yr) feeding trials which would clearly reveal dose response relationships of alterations in pancreatic pathology to dietary TI and possible interactions with dietary protein and fat.Here we report on the objectives and designs of the first phase of the USDA TI Study, including composition of diets, preparation, and analyses of test substances. To provide the requisite TI and protein levels, raw and heated defatted soy flours, soy protein isolates, and lactic casein were used. The interrelationship of dietary level of TI (93–1270 mg/100 g diet) and that of protein (10%, 20%, and 30%) to pancreatic function and pathology will be reported in the following three papers. Both serial and chronic sacrifice regimes, respectively, were employed with 26 diets and 40 weaning male Wistar rats per dietary group.The mention of firm names or trade products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture over other firms or similar products not mentioned.     

The USDA trypsin inhibitor study. II. Timed related biochemical changes in the pancreas of rats

A total of 600 rats was distributed equally among 15 diets formulated from mixtures of raw and toasted soy flour and casein so as to provide 5 different levels of trypsin inhibitor (TI) at 3 levels of protein (10%, 20%, and 30%). Animals were sacrificed at the end of 6 months and at 3-month intervals thereafter over a period of 22 months. Increases in the secretory activity of the pancreas, as measured by trypsin and chymotrypsin activities in the pancreas and small intestines, were associated with increasingly higher levels of TI and protein but did not change appreciably with time. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the pancreas, as reflected by changes in pancreas weight and RNA and DNA content, developed at an early stage (6 months) and were likewise positively correlated with the levels of TI and protein in the diet. Although the hypertrophic response remained unchanged with time, hyperplasia became more pronounced as the period of exposure to TI was prolonged. The peptide test confirmed the stimulatory effect of TI on the pancreas, but some functional impairment was noted in those animals which had been fed raw soy flour for 18 months of or longer. The appearance of nodules on the pancreas was observed by gross inspection after 15 months, and these became larger and more numerous with time. The incidence of nodules was highly correlated with the level of TI in the diet and was highest when the diet contained 20% protein.     

豆浆处理工艺改善内酯豆腐的质构特性

豆浆的粒子大小可以通过一定的处理工艺加以改变,从而提高内酯豆腐质构特点。该文研究了胶体磨磨齿间隙(10~30μm)、超声波功率强度(1~3 W/g)、匀浆机转速(1 000~5 000 r/min)对内酯豆腐质构特点的影响。结果表明胶体磨处理能显著(p0.05)提高内酯豆腐的弹性和内聚性。但在间隙为10μm的情况下,长时间研磨会降低硬度。在不同超声波功率强度条件下,内酯豆腐的硬度和弹性都是先上升后下降。超声波处理会显著(p0.05)降低内酯豆腐的内聚性。匀浆处理对内酯豆腐的质构特点均产生先上升后下降的影响。通过Topsis法进行多指标综合评价,得出较好的豆浆处理工艺是匀浆处理1 000 r/min处理8 min。粒径分析结果证明处理工艺能降低豆浆粒径大小。豆浆处理工艺可以改善内酯豆腐的质构特点,从而满足人们的不同需求。