Nitrogen accumulation and partitioning in hail‐damaged soybeans 1

Hail damage to an experiment that was being used to investigate nitrogen (N) nutrition of soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] with ¹⁵N methodology provided a unique opportunity to study the effects of hail damage at the R3 stage of development on N uptake and partitioning through stage R5.8. Field plots were established on a silt loam soil (Typic Hapludol 1). Severely damaged (mean 72% leaf loss) and slightly damaged (mean 26% leaf loss) soybeans were compared for total reduced N and for ¹⁵N concentration in leaflets, petioles, stems, roots, pod walls, and seeds during the 28 days following the hailstrom. The concentration of total N and of ¹⁵N in all organs in both damage treatments declined significantly after the storm, but less in green leaflets (total N), and in green leaflets, green petioles, and pod walls (¹⁵N) of severely than of slightly damaged plants. Measurements on senesced leaflets and petioles showed that the concentration of ¹⁵N also decreased to a greater extent than that of the total N in these organs. This differential loss of ¹⁵N compared with total N suggests that the ¹⁵N was in a form that was less refractory than was the bulk tissue N, and provides evidence of separate mobile pools of N in the plant. Nitrogen budgets were calculated to compare the loss of N and ¹⁵N from abscising leaflets and petioles to the N accumulation of the damaged plants during podfill. These showed that loss from the leaflets and petioles contributed only 7% of the total N accumulated by the plants between R3 and R5.8. This study has exemplified the usefulness of ¹⁵N methodology in investigations of the nutrition and physiology of soybeans suffering leaf damage by hail.     

线源入渗测量方法计算模型的近似解析解研究

结合线源测量方法,在Lewis-Milne方程的基础上推导出了本文作者提出的土壤入渗性能线源入流计算模型的近似解析解。进行了线源入渗测量室内试验,利用数值算法及近似算法分别计算得到了土壤入渗过程。将计算结果与双环法进行了比较,同时利用水量平衡原理,通过比较入渗水量与实际总供水量得到不同计算模型的相对误差。其中数值解为7.21%~14.8%;解析解较低,为3.31%~12.4%。本研究可以直接得到土壤入渗性能及累计入渗量的时间方程,为降雨产汇流过程、灌溉系统设计与管理等相关研究提供了非常有效的工具。     

基于土壤微环境分层的平原水稻灌区磷污染模型

灌溉农田产生的非点源磷是造成水体富营养化的主要原因之一,但是目前国内外的磷污染模型对于平原灌区灌溉和排水管理下的水分运动过程和氧化还原条件下的磷转化过程的定量表征还比较欠缺。该研究构建了适用于平原水稻灌区水分运动和磷转化迁移的机理性磷污染模型,模型根据稻田水量平衡和沟道运动波方程模拟灌区产汇流,采用考虑土壤微环境分层的磷转化模型和对流扩散方程模拟灌区产汇污。模型中将耕作层分为有氧层和无氧层,定量表征了由于水田干湿交替导致的土壤分层溶解氧变化和磷的转化过程。为了验证模型的可靠性,利用黑龙江省和平灌区2018年试验田实测田间土壤水、积水及排水和2条支沟实测排水的水量和水质数据对模型进行了率定和验证。验证结果显示试验田、一排和七排排水的径流流量、磷浓度的模拟结果与实测结果都吻合较好。模拟排水流量的Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数（NSE）和决定系数（R2）分别大于0.820和0.815;模拟总磷浓度的NSE和R2分别大于0.811和0.821;考虑土壤微环境分层后得到的土壤可溶磷垂向分布结果比不考虑分层时与原位实测结果更接近。该磷污染模型被用于模拟和平水稻灌区的非点源磷污染。灌区磷污染浓度过程统计结果显示,2018年水稻生育期内通过排水和渗漏流失的磷为1.88 kg/hm2,约占施肥和灌溉磷输入的5.7%。其中分蘖期和拔节孕穗期径流磷输出负荷最大,分别为0.85和0.60 kg/hm2;泡田期和分蘖期渗漏输出负荷最大,分别为0.11和0.16 kg/hm2。灌区一排和四排由于控制面积大,输出磷污染物总量大于其他排水沟。该研究所构建的磷污染模型包含稻田灌溉和排水过程的水分运动及稻田干湿交替引起的氧化还原变化条件下的磷转化和运移,可为平原灌区水肥运筹管理下的磷运移模拟提供更准确的方法。     

上海农田生态系统碳源汇时空格局及其影响因素分析

以1990—2009年上海市农作物产量、农田面积、农业投入等相关统计数据为依据,对上海农田生态系统主要碳源汇进行了测算,分析了上海农田生态系统碳源汇的时空变化特征,并探讨了农田生态系统碳源汇的影响因素。结果表明,1999—2009年上海农田生态系统碳吸收总量总体处于逐步下降趋势,且经济作物和果蔬作物碳吸收比例分别下降和上升明显;碳排放总量则呈逐步下降并趋于稳定的趋势,农用化学品投入是其主要排放源;单位面积碳吸收和排放量则一直处于波动状态。2009年上海各区县农田生态系统碳吸收量、碳排放量和单位耕地面积碳吸收量均为远郊大于近郊,而单位耕地面积碳排放量则为近郊大于远郊。碳源汇影响因素相关性分析表明,碳吸收与粮食作物和经济作物产量显著正相关,而与果蔬作物产量显著负相关;碳排放与农用化学品投入和燃料动力使用以及耕作灌溉管理均显著正相关。     

土壤侵蚀中吸附态磷流失研究现状与展望

吸附态磷流失是土壤侵蚀的结果之一,不仅造成土壤肥力流失,还是导致水环境恶化的重要因子.吸附态磷流失是非点源污染计算的重要组成部分,通过土壤侵蚀研究吸附态磷流失是目前普遍采用的方法.总结了国内外关于吸附态磷流失的研究现状,分析了我国当前土壤侵蚀中吸附态磷流失研究中存在的问题,认为中国土壤侵蚀中吸附态磷流失研究还不能满足实践应用的要求.因此一方面需要增加实验数量,加强实验深度,坚持连续监测的工作,深入了解吸附态磷流失的机理;另一方面应积极构建适合国情的模型,构建基础信息数据库,开展国外模型在国内的适用性、差异性研究.     

密云水库周边水土保持与水源保护探讨

 根据密云水库周边自然地理特征和社会经济情况,特别是连续干旱导致水库水位急剧下降、水库周边形成大面积裸露地的现状,分析水库周边人口资源环境的突出矛盾和生态环境存在的主要问题,对密云水库周边水土保持和水源保护思路和措施进行了探索,提出生态建设总体思路和原则,和以库北库区裸露地治理与保护,入库口裸露河滩地治理与保护,以及小型分散点源污染治理为重点的具体措施,同时对加强水库周边的水土保持与水源保护提出政策及管理措施建议。     

生物碳可以防止土壤活性有机质矿化吗？

Biochar could help to stabilize soil organic(SOM) matter, thus sequestering carbon(C) into the soil. The aim of this work was to determine an easy method i) to estimate the effects of the addition of biochar and nutrients on the organic matter(SOM)mineralization in an artificial soil, proposed by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD), amended with glucose and ii) to measure the amount of labile organic matter(glucose) that can be sorbed and thus be partially protected in the same soil, amended or not amended with biochar. A factorial experiment was designed to check the effects of three single factors(biochar, nutrients, and glucose) and their interactions on whole SOM mineralization. Soil samples were inoculated with a microbial inoculum and preincubated to ensure that their biological activities were not limited by a small amount of microbial biomass, and then they were incubated in the dark at 21℃ for 619 d. Periodical measurements of C mineralized to carbon dioxide(CO_2) were carried out throughout the 619-d incubation to allow the mineralization of both active and slow organic matter pools. The amount of sorbed glucose was calculated as the difference between the total and remaining amounts of glucose added in a soil extract. Two different models, the Freundlich and Langmuir models, were selected to assess the equilibrium isotherms of glucose sorption. The CO_2-C release strongly depended on the presence of nutrients only when no biochar was added to the soil. The mineralization of organic matter in the soil amended with both biochar and glucose was equal to the sum of the mineralization of the two C sources separately. Furthermore, a significant amount of glucose can be sorbed on the biochar-amended soil, suggesting the involvement of physico-chemical mechanisms in labile organic matter protection.     

Nitrate uptake by Eriophorum vaginatum controls N2O production in a restored peatland

The clear dependence of N₂O production through denitrification on available nitrate source" title="View the MathML source" src="http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0038071705000350-si23.gif"> in soil has been shown in many studies. Since N availability similarly limits the growth of plants, the resource competition with vegetation limits the activity of denitrifying microbes and may consequently moderate the N₂O emissions from peatlands. We used source" title="View the MathML source" src="http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0038071705000350-si24.gif"> uptake by Eriophorum vaginatum L. as a vegetation competition factor for microbes. The species was selected for the experiment because it has high nutrient use efficiency in low-nutrient conditions and high nutrient uptake efficiency in luxuriant nutrient conditions. We measured gaseous N flux as N₂O (end product of denitrifier activity) in a restored peatland in central Finland with acetylene inhibition technique over a growing season from sample plots with varying source" title="View the MathML source" src="http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0038071705000350-si25.gif"> addition levels and E. vaginatum cover. The resource competition effects were analysed with a model that used exponential decay dependence of N₂O flux on the leaf area of E. vaginatum, and saturating response of N₂O flux to source" title="View the MathML source" src="http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0038071705000350-si26.gif"> addition level. The model explained the variation in N₂O fluxes well (R²=0.86). The model simulation showed that the increasing nutrient uptake of E. vaginatum decreased the N₂O fluxes exponentially. Simultaneously, denitrification appeared to saturate even in conditions with high availability of source" title="View the MathML source" src="http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0038071705000350-si27.gif"> and low level of competition by vegetation. Thus, E. vaginatum is an effective competitor for source" title="View the MathML source" src="http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0038071705000350-si28.gif"> in sedge-dominated peatlands that controls the availability of source" title="View the MathML source" src="http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0038071705000350-si29.gif"> for denitrification, and consequently moderates the N₂O emissions from peatlands.     

黄土高原不同林龄苹果树根系吸水策略对降水的响应

在黄土高原陕西省长武塬区选取品种和管理手段均相同的3种林龄果园(尚未结果的5年幼龄果园、已结果的8年初果园和13年壮果园)苹果树,采用空间换时间的试验设计,分别于2015年7月12日和8月19日对0—500cm深度土壤及对应取样处的苹果树枝条取样,测定土样和枝条样中水分的稳定氢氧同位素,并利用贝叶斯模型量化降水前后不同土层对苹果林耗水的贡献。结果表明:(1)不同林龄苹果树降雨前后的主要水分来源深度不同。干旱时,13年壮龄果树的主要吸水深度比5年和8年果树深;而生长旺季,雨季降水只能补充未挂果的5年幼龄果园土壤水分消耗,即使降水量很大,也无法满足已经开始挂果的8年和13年果园土壤水分消耗。(2)在干旱期,5年和8年果树50%以上的水分来自表层0—100cm土壤,而13年果树50%的水分来自100—300cm土层。而降水后,5年和8年果树的主要水分来源变为100—300cm土层,贡献值在40%左右;13年果园的主要水分贡献层为0—100cm土层,贡献了近50%的水分。(3)3种林龄果树根系对300—500cm土层土壤水分的吸收对降雨的响应非常弱,降雨前后贡献率始终保持在30%。     

坡地水土流失对水体富营养化贡献的研究进展

面源污染逐渐成为世界头号的环境问题,而坡地水土流失伴随着化肥营养元素流失引起的面源污染更是不容忽视,详细介绍了国内外在这一方面的研究进展,面源污染问题的提出直至目前各种污染和流失模型的建立修正,并提出今后水土流失将作为面源污染的重要原因及其主要的研究方向。