高效液相色谱在手性农药分析分离上的应用研究进展

随着人类社会可持续发展的需要,环境中手性农药的污染日渐受到人们的重视,因此手性农药的拆分也得到越来越多的重视.高效液相色谱是一门适用于手性分离的研究技术.本文综述了近年来高效液相色谱在手性农药拆分中的应用研究,并对该方法的发展前景进行了讨论.     

番茄中乙烯利残留量测定的新方法

番茄自身也可以产生乙烯利,以常规顶空色谱法测定的乙烯含量值较高.采用重氮甲烷衍生法气相色谱仪可以准确测定番茄中乙烯残留量.结果表明,该方法平均回收率为77.6%~89.8%,变异系数为2.8%~7.5%,乙烯利的最小检出浓度为0.01 mg.kg-1.该方法较常规测定方法精确度明显提高,且灵敏度提高10倍.     

蛋、奶中甲硝唑残留检测的高效液相色谱法研究

建立鸡蛋、牛奶中甲硝唑残留检测的高效液相色谱法(HPLC)。样品中甲硝唑用乙酸乙酯提取、浓缩后用正己烷-乙酸乙酯(2∶1)溶解,Silica(SiO2)固相萃取柱净化,氮气吹干,流动相溶解,HPLC测定。固定相为C18色谱柱,流动相为pH 4.3醋酸缓冲液∶乙腈(88∶12,V/V),紫外检测波长325 nm。该方法可检出鸡蛋、牛奶中甲硝唑的最低定量限为1μg/kg,在空白样品添加浓度为1μg/kg时,鸡蛋、牛奶中甲硝唑的平均回收率分别为69%和75%,日间变异系数均小于15%。产蛋鸡连续饲喂含甲硝唑(250 mg/kg)饲料1周,用所建方法可检测到停药后14 d内鸡蛋中原药及代谢物残留。结果表明,该方法的样品处理方法简单,最低定量限、回收率和变异系数符合兽药残留检测方法要求。     

Community structure and carbon and nitrogen storage of sagebrush desert under grazing exclusion in Northwest China

Overgrazing is regarded as one of the key factors of vegetation and soil degradation in the arid and semi-arid regions of Northwest China.Grazing exclusion(GE)is one of the most common pathways used to restore degraded grasslands and to improve their ecosystem services.Nevertheless,there are still significant controversies concerning GE’s effects on grassland diversity as well as carbon(C)and nitrogen(N)storage.It remains poorly understood in the arid desert regions,whilst being essential for the sustainable use of grassland resources.To assess the effects of GE on community characteristics and C and N storage of desert plant community in the arid desert regions,we investigated the community structure and plant biomass,as well as C and N storage of plants and soil(0-100 cm depth)in short-term GE(three years)plots and adjacent long-term freely grazing(FG)plots in the areas of sagebrush desert in Northwest China,which are important both for spring-autumn seasonal pasture and for ecological conservation.Our findings indicated that GE was beneficial to the average height,coverage and aboveground biomass(including stems,leaves and inflorescences,and litter)of desert plant community,to the species richness and importance values of subshrubs and perennial herbs,and to the biomass C and N storage of aboveground parts(P<0.05).However,GE was not beneficial to the importance values of annual herbs,root/shoot ratio and total N concentration in the 0-5 and 5-10 cm soil layers(P<0.05).Additionally,the plant density,belowground biomass,and soil organic C concentration and C storage in the 0-100 cm soil layer could not be significantly changed by short-term GE(three years).The results suggest that,although GE was not beneficial for C sequestration in the sagebrush desert ecosystem,it is an effective strategy for improving productivity,diversity,and C and N storage of plants.As a result,GE can be used to rehabilitate degraded grasslands in the arid desert regions of Northwest China.     

Improving wood volume predictions in dry tropical forest in the semi-arid Brazil

The volumetric variability of dry tropical forests in Brazil and the scarcity of studies on the subject show the need for the development of techniques that make it possible to obtain adequate and accurate wood volume estimates. In this study, we analyzed a database of thinning trees from a forest management plan in the Contendas de Sincorá National Forest, southwestern Bahia State, Brazil. The data set included a total of 300 trees with a trunk diameter ranging from 5 to 52 cm. Adjustments, validation and statistical selection of four volumetric models were performed. Due to the difference in height values for the same diameter and the low correlation between both variables, we do not suggest models which only use the diameter at breast height (DBH) variable as a predictor because they accommodate the largest estimation errors. In comparing the best single entry model (Hohenald-Krenn) with the Spurr model (best fit model), it is noted that the exclusion of height as a predictor causes the values of 136.44 and 0.93 for Akaike information criterion (AIC) and adjusted determination coefficient (R2 adj), which are poorer than the second best model (Schumacher-Hall). Regarding the minimum sample size, errors in estimation (root mean square error (RMSE) and bias) of the best model decrease as the sample size increases, especially when a larger number of trees with DBH≥15.0 cm are randomly sampled. Stratified sampling by diameter class produces smaller volume prediction errors than random sampling, especially when considering all trees. In summary, the Spurr and Schumacher-Hall models perform better. These models suggest that the total variance explained in the estimates is not less than 95%, producing reliable forecasts of the total volume with shell. Our estimates indicate that the bias around the average is not greater than 7%. Our results support the decision to use regression methods to build models and estimate their parameters, seeking stratification strategies in diameter classes for the sample trees. Volume estimates with valid confidence intervals can be obtained using the Spurr model for the studied dry forest. Stratified sampling of the data set for model adjustment and selection is necessary, since we find significant results with mean error square root values and bias of up to 70% of the total database.     

三类病毒感染下的手足口病模型的动力学分析

建立了CA16病毒、 EV71病毒及其他病毒株感染下周期性发病的手足口病模型.得到了模型的基本再生数并用它证明了模型无病平衡点的全局渐近稳定性.另外,分析了单一病毒株周期解的稳定性.最后,发现基本再生数最大的病毒株会持续生存下来,其他两种病毒株会被竞争排斥掉.     

鄱阳湖区反嘴鹬种群数量动态与空间分布格局

2002—2015年,采用同步调查法对鄱阳湖区反嘴鹬(Recurvirostra avosetta)越冬种群数量动态与空间分布格局进行了监测。结果表明:鄱阳湖区分布有稳定的反嘴鹬越冬种群,年平均数量为(16684±14653)只,2004年、2005年、2013年种群数量均超过目前其全球数量的10%,2004年冬季鄱阳湖区越冬反嘴鹬数量达到最大值,为47520只。鄱阳湖区共有70个湖泊记录到反嘴鹬,其中反嘴鹬种群数量达到全球1%以上的湖泊有20个。每年冬季鄱阳湖区反嘴鹬集中分布在常湖、蚌湖、花庙湖和下坝湖,而反嘴鹬利用频次最高的是大湖池,每年反嘴鹬的越冬数量为(1819±1593)只。各湖泊中反嘴鹬的年平均数量与利用频次之间不存在显著相关性。自然保护区涵盖了反嘴鹬在鄱阳湖越冬的主要湖泊,分布在保护区内的反嘴鹬种群占鄱阳湖区越冬总数量的(75.3±26.0)%,但仍有很多重要的湖泊没有被纳入到保护区范围。反嘴鹬对保护区内湖泊的利用频次与保护区外湖泊的利用频次不存在显著性差异,保护区内反嘴鹬的种群数量显著大于保护区外。     

川西高山树线交错带海拔梯度上土壤有机碳稳定性特征

高山树线交错带是高海拔地带对环境变化最为敏感的生态系统之一,土壤有机碳库及其稳定性在生态系统变化中具有显著指示作用。通过物理-化学方法对土壤不同活性有机碳进行连续分级分离,研究土壤有机碳不同组分在海拔环境梯度下分布特征及稳定性。结果表明,高山树线交错带土壤有机碳主要集中在物理分级组分（≥0.02 mm）,且粒径越大有机碳含量越高,即主要以颗粒态有机碳形式存在,占比均高于98%;在<0.02 mm有机-无机复合体中有机碳采用化学分级分离,这部分有机碳占比低于土壤总有机碳2%,且主要以腐殖质（胡敏素）形式存在（占土壤总有机碳0.6%~0.8%）,腐殖质占有机碳比例远低于一般土壤;随着海拔升高,土壤有机碳总量上升,颗粒态有机碳（物理分级组分）比例升高,胡敏素类腐殖质比例下降。因此,川西高海拔树线交错带的高寒土壤有机碳,主要以不稳定有机碳（POC）形式存在,随着温度上升（海拔降低）将导致土壤矿质化和腐殖化加剧,有机碳总量下降,土壤不稳定性组分（物理分级组分）降低,土壤稳定性（腐殖化比例）上升。     

青土湖干涸湖底2种典型固沙植物群落土壤粒径分布分形特征与养分关系研究

以石羊河流域下游青土湖干涸湖底人工梭梭林和白刺灌丛沙包土壤为研究对象,通过分析2种植物群落5种立地条件土壤粒径分布和分形特征及其与土壤养分的关系,揭示了湖底2种典型植物群落土壤粒度的分布特征。结果表明:1）研究区固沙植被0~10 cm土壤颗粒以细砂粒为主,没有粗砂粒,其中白刺灌丛沙包表层极细砂含量、土壤颗粒物分形维数较梭梭林和对照区高。2）土壤颗粒分形维数与各粒级颗粒百分含量的关系差异较大,分形维数与黏粒、极细砂含量呈显著正相关,与细砂、中砂含量呈显著负相关,但是与粉粒含量关系不显著。土壤颗粒分形维数越大,土壤所含的细粒物质越多。3）土壤分形维数D值、黏粒、粉粒含量与有机质（SOM）、全N（TN）呈正相关性,土壤颗粒物的分形维数越大、土壤黏粒、粉粒含量越高,则土壤有机质、全N含量越高。综合分析,固定白刺灌丛表层土壤沙化程度相对较低,其他类型风蚀严重,因此,应积极采取生物措施和工程措施开展生态修复防治风蚀和盐尘暴的发生。