大型薄壳制件真空辅助树脂传递模塑工艺充模方案仿真分析及优化

针对大型树脂基复合材料制件不适于用实验试错法进行充模方案设计的问题,在分析树脂流动规律的基础上将大型薄壳件的求解区域分解,仿真分析了不同充模方案下树脂在纤维中的流动行为和模腔内压力变化,提出在制件填充面积等分处设置流道的方法,选择和优化大型薄壳制件的充模方案。结果表明:①对于不便进行实验试错法进行真空辅助树脂传递模塑(VARTM)工艺充模方案设计的大型薄壳制件,可以采用数值模拟的方式,以达西定律、能量守恒定律等为计算依据,求解压力场和速度场,对比不同仿真方案的充模时间等数据合理安排注胶方式方法,指导VARTM工艺制备大型复合材料制件合理安排注胶方式,提高生产率、减少因树脂浸润不均匀产生的缺陷。②对于大型薄壳类制件,忽略厚度方向尺寸,影响充模时间的主要因素为流道长度和树脂流动距离。选取尽可能长的注胶流道,合理设置流道位置以减少树脂流动的距离;长流道可以增加树脂瞬时注入量、提高较长时间的压力差;而树脂流程越长,树脂前锋处压力损失越大,流速越慢。③试验提出了制件填充面积等分处设置流道的方法。将大型薄壳工艺制件充模面积等分,注胶流道布置在垂直于制件长度方向的面积等分线上,可缩短充模时间并减少制件两端的树脂富集现象。对于较狭长部分可再次进行面积等分设置流道,以免造成树脂流程过长压力流失过多;而对于较宽阔部分不宜设置过多流道以免树脂前锋稳定前互相接触造成制件充模不均匀。     

间作模式下小麦联合收获机清选装置CFD-DEM气固耦合仿真与试验验证

为了提高间作模式下小麦联合收获机清选性能,研究旋风分离筒内流场和颗粒的运动状态,探索分离筒的最佳工作参数组合,运用离散元法和计算流体力学耦合的方法分析了气流与颗粒的相互作用,以喂入速度、吸杂压强、筒体高度、下椎体角度为试验因素对清选过程进行了仿真正交试验,对最佳清选参数组合完成了田间试验验证。结果表明:气流在分离筒内形成内、外旋涡,内漩涡的运动使短茎秆进入吸杂管道,籽粒在外旋涡的作用下滑落到集粮盘;仿真试验的最佳参数组合为喂入速度12 m·s^-1吸杂压强-1 800 Pa、筒体高度350 mm、下椎体的角度65°,得到的清洁率和损失率分别为92.18%和1.99%,与田间试验的误差分别为2.947%和7.428%。     

Quantifying uncertainty in the wild‐caught fisheries goal of the Ocean Health Index

Sustainability indices are proliferating, both to help synthesize scientific understanding and inform policy. However, it remains poorly understood how such indices are affected by underlying assumptions of the data and modelling approaches used to compute indicator values. Here, we focus on one such indicator, the fisheries goal within the Ocean Health Index (OHI), which evaluates the sustainable provision of food from wild fisheries. We quantify uncertainty in the fisheries goal status arising from the (a) approach for estimating missing data (i.e., fish stocks with no status) and (b) reliance on a data‐limited method (catch‐MSY) to estimate stock status (i.e., B/B_MSY). We also compare several other models to estimate B/B_MSY, including an ensemble approach, to determine whether alternative models might reduce uncertainty and bias. We find that the current OHI fisheries goal model results in overly optimistic fisheries goal statuses. Uncertainty and bias can be reduced by (a) using a mean (vs. median) gap‐filling approach to estimate missing stock scores and (b) estimating fisheries status using the central tendency from a simulated distribution of status scores generated by a bootstrap approach that incorporates error in B/B_MSY. This multitiered approach to measure and describe uncertainty improves the transparency and interpretation of the indicator and allows us to better understand uncertainty around our OHI fisheries model and outputs for country‐level interpretation and use.     

基于MATLAB仿真的木材铣削模糊控制系统的研究

利用模糊控制理论设计木材铣削加工在线控制系统。并应用MATLAB软件对该模糊控制系统进行验证和仿真，获得了最佳的控制效果。     

典型海域生境修复与生物资源养护研究进展与展望

海洋牧场建设是实现我国近海渔业资源恢复、生态系统和谐发展与蓝碳增汇的重要途径。近年来,在快速发展的同时也面临着诸多问题与挑战,极大制约了产业的健康发展。在海洋牧场建设过程中,关于生境营造和资源增殖的基础理论薄弱,对其生态系统稳定性与抗干扰能力认识不清,尤其对小尺度海洋牧场生态系统的结构及其功能实现过程,以及生态承载力知之甚少。亟需针对其人工鱼礁等生境营造的环境效应和增殖放流的资源补充效应开展理论印证和定量研究,以充分认识这些人为扰动的双重性。本文查阅了相关文献90余篇,简要回顾了国内外关于人工鱼礁生境营造的水动力环境特征、生源要素迁移过程、生物群落构建机制和局地生态系统稳定性评价等方面的研究进展。强调了小尺度海洋牧场生态系统结构的复杂性与动态性,重点关注了鱼礁群布局对牧场海域水动力环境、沉积物和生源要素演变的影响,以及在增殖放流等人为扰动下生物群落的物种共存机制。围绕海洋牧场生态系统稳定性与抗干扰能力等关键问题,从水动力驱动、生源要素表征、生物群落重建及生态系统健康等4个方面探讨了目前研究的不足与发展方向,以为海洋牧场人工鱼礁、海藻床等生境营造以及资源修复模式优化提供参考。

     

Dynamic Change of Genetic Diversity in Conserved Populations with Different Initial Genetic Architectures

Maintenance and management of genetic diversity of farm animal genetic resources (AnGR) is very important for biological, socioeconomical and cultural significance. The core concern of conservation for farm AnGR is the retention of genetic diversity of conserved populations in a long-term perspective. However, numerous factors may affect evolution of genetic diversity of a conserved population. Among those factors, the genetic architecture of conserved populations is little considered in current conservation strategies. In this study, we investigated the dynamic changes of genetic diversity of conserved populations with two scenarios on initial genetic architectures by computer simulation in which thirty polymorphic microsatellite loci were chosen to represent genetic architecture of the populations with observed heterozygosity (Ho) and expected heterozygosity (He), observed and mean effective number of alleles (Ao and Ae), number of polymorphic loci (NP) and the percentage of polymorphic loci (PP), number of rare alleles (RA) and number of non-rich polymorphic loci (NRP) as the estimates of genetic diversity. The two scenarios on genetic architecture were taken into account, namely, one conserved population with same allele frequency (AS) and another one with actual allele frequency (AA). The results showed that the magnitude of loss of genetic diversity is associated with genetic architecture of initial conserved population, the amplitude of genetic diversity decline in the context AS was more narrow extent than those in context AA, the ranges of decline of Ho and Ao were about 4 and 2 times in AA compared with that in AS, respectively, the occurrence of first monomorphic locus and the time of change of measure NP in scenario AA is 20 generations and 23 generations earlier than that in scenario AS, respectively. Additionally, we found that NRP, a novel measure proposed by our research group, was a proper estimate for monitoring the evolution of genetic diversity in a closed conserved population. Our study suggested that current managements of conserved populations should emphasize on initial genetic architecture in order to make an effective and feasible conservation scheme.     

Simulating Agricultural Conversion to Residential use in the Hudson River Valley: Scenario Analyses and Case Studies

Land use changes threaten agricultural land. If agricultural land is going to be preserved, the social and economic causes of conversion must be understood. However, analyzing the causes of agricultural conversion is complex because trends need to be documented before analyzing the causes. One of the leading uses of agricultural land is for residential purposes. This paper projects residential development in a Hudson River Valley watershed within Dutchess County in New York State using an integrated modeling framework consisting of an econometric model, a geographic information system (GIS), and Monte Carlo simulation. The econometric model is used to project residential development, providing parcel-specific probabilities of residential development. The GIS is employed to extract socio-economic and county-level tax parcel data to be used in conjunction with bio-geophysical attributes, such as slope, soil, and location, to calculate and project growth trends on a residential level for undeveloped land parcels. Monte Carlo simulation is used to distribute these projections into the GIS to display outcomes of scenario analyses to provide policy-makers a demonstration of how policies would likely affect the agricultural landscape of the watershed. John M. Polimeni is an Assistant Professor of Economics in the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences at the Albany College of Pharmacy in Albany, New York. Dr. Polimeni received a PhD in Ecological Economics and a BS in Mathematics at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. His professional interests include: quantitative economics, spatial and regional economics, land use change, economic development, and graduate education in Ecological Economics. He is currently working on linking ecological economics with the laws of thermodynamics and neuroeconomics into one unified model.     

Soil organic carbon fractions and humic substances are affected by land uses of Caatinga forest in Brazil

Caatinga is a Brazilian dry ecosystem that occupies around 1 million km² and is one of the largest tropical dry forests of the world. About 46% of the area that was originally covered has been deforested. Land use can cause pronounced reduction in soil carbon stocks that play a major role in the global carbon cycle. The objective of this study was to improve our understanding of the effect of land use on oxidizable carbon fractions, total carbon stocks and humic substances in different layers of soil in a Brazilian semi-arid region. We analyzed soils from tropical dry forest (TDF), forest succession with Anadenanthera falcata (ANA), with Tabebuia alba (TAB), secondary scrubby regeneration (SCR), and non-irrigated maize (MS). Forests showed larger fractions of more labile carbon, except for TDF. The most recalcitrant fraction of carbon stock, humin fraction stock, with the different land use decreased by 38–53% compared to TDF. Oxidizable carbon fractions, carbon stocks, and humic fraction stocks were able to differentiate the successional land uses and agricultural cover from TDF, mainly in the 0–5?cm layer. Our results show that changes in land use, especially with ANA forest succession, showed a larger labile carbon fraction, indicating easy decomposition and loss. Our results provide an alternative tool for the management of deforested areas in tropical dry caatinga ecosystems. This would contribute to the conservation of dry forest systems and could serve as guideline for sustainable management of agriculturally impacted caatinga areas.     

不同结构尼龙网防风效应的风洞模拟

为对比不同结构尼龙网不同风速下的防风效应,开展对均匀型(A)、上密下疏型(B)、上疏下密型(C)3种不同结构尼龙网在6 m·s~(-1)、9 m·s~(-1)、12 m·s~(-1)指示风速下的风洞模拟试验。通过对不同结构尼龙网各风速下加速率等值线图和防风效能的对比分析,结果表明:1 3种结构尼龙网风场存在相似性但差异明显。B型尼龙网风影区下部存在加速区,A、C型则不存在;C型风影区中心位置较低。2 A、C型尼龙网防风效应随风速增大而降低,B型则相反。3测量范围内C型尼龙网防风效应明显优于A、B型。实际应用中应综合考虑沙障结构、风况等因素,尼龙网栅栏的布设建议选用上疏下密型结构。     

一次双急流型沙尘暴过程的数值模拟与诊断

利用MM5模式对2001年4月8～9日的双急流型沙尘暴天气过程进行了数值模拟和诊断分析,结果发现:此次沙尘暴过程中有强的西风动量下传,动量下传主要由北支急流完成;在沙尘暴发展旺盛阶段,南、北两支急流低层的南风和北风分量之间产生的辐散促进了高层动量下传,而高层南北两支急流南风分量的加强和贯通引导南方暖湿气流向北输送,抑制了沙尘暴的发展.南北两支急流的共同作用是造成该次沙尘暴的重要原因,北支急流产生了直接的作用,南支急流有间接的影响.250 hPa两支MPV1正的大值位涡区与南、北两支急流有很好的对应关系,在沙尘暴区域前部,对流层高层存在对称不稳定.