响应辣椒疫霉菌诱导的CaWRKY转录因子筛选及其信号通路分析

在辣椒基因组中全面鉴定WRKY转录因子并筛选出受辣椒疫霉菌诱导的CaWRKY基因,并分析关键CaWRKY基因参与的信号通路。以CM334和NMCA10399为材料,基于辣椒基因组和RNA-seq数据,并在水杨酸(SA)和茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)处理下通过qRT-PCR技术检测基因表达并分析。全基因组共鉴定出69个CaWRKY基因。接菌后12 h,抗、感材料中分别鉴定出7个和3个差异表达基因;接菌后36 h,分别有13个和22个差异表达基因,表明抗病材料能更快速应答。在筛选出的8个关键CaWRKY基因中,CaWRKY19和CaWRKY65受SA诱导上调表达;CaWRKY50受MeJA诱导上调表达;CaWRKY25受SA诱导上调表达同时受到MeJA抑制下调表达,而CaWRKY49同时受SA和MeJA抑制下调表达,推测CaWRKY19和CaWRKY65通过SA,CaWRKY50通过JA,而CaWRKY25和CaWRKY49则通过SA和JA信号途径参与辣椒抗疫病防御反应。     

回交高代选择导入系的纹枯病抗性与抗旱性的遗传重叠研究

利用来自抗旱性较好的供体亲本（BG300和BG304）、具有两种遗传背景（IR64和特青）的水稻高代回交（BC2）抗旱选择导入系，通过人工接种的方法鉴定纹枯病抗性，考察纹枯病抗性与抗旱性之间可能存在的遗传重叠。通过与受体亲本的纹枯病抗性表现比较发现，具有特青背景的抗旱选择导入系倾向于纹枯病抗性的降低，而IR64背景的抗旱选择导入系则倾向于纹枯病抗性的增强。基于基因型与表型的方差分析共鉴定到6个与纹枯病抗性相关的位点，其中QSbr6在不同供体和背景的两个群体中分别检测到，而QSbr10则在同一供体的两个遗传背景下均检测到；有3个位点（QSbr6、QSbr8和QSbr10）与同一群体中检测到的抗旱性位点位置相近，很可能是两种抗性重叠的遗传基础。尽管方差分析的方法在选择导入系的非选择目标性状相关位点的鉴定中存在相当程度的偏低估计，本研究所检测到的纹枯病抗性位点，特别是那些与抗旱性重叠位点的分子标记以及相关的抗性株系仍将为进一步的水稻纹枯病抗性和抗旱性的多抗性育种和深入的遗传重叠研究提供有用的信息和材料。     

转Xa23基因水稻的白叶枯病抗性及其遗传分析

在分离克隆抗白叶枯病基因Xa23研究中获得大量转基因水稻材料。为了系统研究转Xa23基因水稻的抗病稳定性和遗传模式, 本文通过逐株进行抗白叶枯病接种鉴定、PCR和Southern blot分子检测, 对一批转Xa23基因水稻植株进行了T₀代到T₂代的跟踪分析。结果表明, Xa23基因的整合和表达, 使感病受体品种牡丹江8号获得抗病性。由于Xa23基因插入受体基因组的位点不同, 同是单拷贝插入的转基因T₀代抗病植株, 其抗病程度有明显差异。T₀代植株的抗病程度, 可以准确、稳定地遗传到T₁代和T₂代。单拷贝转基因植株分离群体的抗感植株分离比接近3∶1, 表明转Xa23基因遵循孟德尔单基因遗传模式。已获得2个纯合的单拷贝转基因抗病株系, 它们的抗病程度稍有差别, 将用于外源基因插入位置效应分析和杂交稻抗病育种。     

小麦品种对赤霉病的抗性鉴定

用孢子悬液小花注射接种法测定了47个小麦品种对赤霉病的抗性，分析了小穗侵染率与小麦农艺性状间的相关性。结果表明，47个小麦品种中，没有高抗品种，抗病品种8个，占17．02％，中抗品种27个，占57．44％，感病品种10个，占21．28％，高感品种2个，占4．26％。小穗侵染率与株高、穗长、千粒重、千粒重损失率，穗密度等农艺性状相关皆不显著，与生育期相关极显著。     

基于时序高光谱和多任务学习的水稻病害早期预测研究

水稻病害是影响水稻产量的重要因素之一,水稻病害的早期预测对水稻病害防治至关重要。为了实现水稻白叶枯病害的预测,连续采集了从接种病菌到早期发病共7d的白叶枯病害胁迫下的叶片高光谱图像。利用Savitzky-Golay算法对高光谱图像进行预处理,并利用主成分分析（Principal component analysis, PCA）和随机森林（Random forest, RF）算法提取光谱特征,构建多任务学习(Multi-task learning, MTL)与长短期记忆（Long short-term memory, LSTM）网络融合的预测模型,对水稻病害发病率和潜伏期进行预测,并利用鲸鱼优化算法（Whale optimization algorithm, WOA）对MTL-LSTM模型进行优化。实验结果表明：PCA和RF可以有效地从高光谱图像中提取光谱特征,降低高光谱数据维度,且基于光谱特征构建的预测模型性能优于全波段光谱构建的预测模型性能,建模时间降低约98%。基于时序高光谱构建的预测模型对发病率和潜伏期的预测取得了预期效果,基于前10个特征波长构建的WOA-MTL-LSTM模型取得了最优的预测性能,对发病率和潜伏期预测测试集的R2分别为0.93和0.85,RMSE分别为0.34和2.12,RE分别为0.33%和1.21%。通过WOA算法可以提升MTL-LSTM的预测性能,对发病率和潜伏期预测的R2均提升0.05。研究结果表明RF提取高光谱特征能有效表征全波段光谱,基于时序高光谱的WOA-MTL-LSTM模型可以准确预测白叶枯病害发病率和潜伏期,为水稻白叶枯病害的预防提供了技术支持。     

气象因子对寒地水稻鞘腐病发生的影响

为明确主要气象因子对黑龙江省水稻主产区水稻鞘腐病发生的影响,从2007年开始连续10年进行定点调查,收集水稻鞘腐病发生时期的气象因子及病情指数,采用通径分析及逐步回归的方法,对影响水稻鞘腐病病情指数的气象因子进行了研究。结果表明,8月份的平均温度是对水稻鞘腐病影响最大的气象因子,其次为8月份的平均降雨量和9月份的平均日照时数。试验结果为适期施药防治水稻鞘腐病奠定了基础。     

水稻紫鞘染色体片段代换系Z519的鉴定及PSH1候选基因分析

花青素是广受人们喜爱的植物色素,在食品加工、杂种纯度鉴定中具有重要的作用。本研究鉴定了一个以日本晴为受体、优良紫鞘恢复系R225为供体亲本的紫鞘水稻染色体片段代换系Z519。Z519共含有16个代换片段,分布于除第10染色体外的其他11条染色体,平均长度为6.85 Mb。Z519在芽鞘3 mm时鞘尖呈现紫色,其后在叶鞘、叶缘、茎维管束和柱头等部位出现紫色线条,而日本晴各部位均为绿色。Z519叶鞘中花青素含量极显著高于日本晴,剑叶中没有显著差异。与受体日本晴相比,Z519的株高显著降低,千粒重、主穗总粒数和实粒数显著增加,有效穗数、主穗长和结实率无显著差异。进一步以日本晴与Z519杂交产生的F1和F2群体对紫鞘基因进行了遗传分析和分子定位。该紫鞘表型受显性单基因控制,位于第1染色体In Del标记L03和SSR标记L01之间37.8 kb的区域,被命名为PSH1。对该区间进行候选基因预测和测序,Z519在一个编码质体ATP/ADP转运蛋白的LOC_Os01g45910基因第一外显子的第238~252碱基的GTG重复区又多插入了GTG 3个碱基,导致增加了一个甘氨酸。q RT-PCR结果进一步表明其表达量在Z519中明显降低,初步确定LOC_Os01g45910是PSH1的候选基因。该研究为PSH1调控花青素的分子机制奠定了良好基础。     

Genetic diversity of the pine pathogen Lecanosticta acicola in Slovenia and Croatia

Brown spot needle blight (BSNB), a disease of pine trees caused by the fungus Lecanosticta acicola, has been known in Slovenia since 2008 and in Croatia since 1975. Recent outbreaks in Slovenia prompted this study to compare L. acicola populations in these two neighbouring European countries. Sixty-nine isolates collected from three pine species (Pinus mugo, P. halepensis and P. nigra) were used to determine the phylogenetic relationships, genetic structure, and reproductive strategy of the pathogen. EF1-α sequences showed that Slovenian and Croatian isolates share a common ancestry with individuals from central and northern Europe. Population structure analysis revealed four distinct population clusters of L. acicola in these two countries, generally corresponding to their respective geographic location and host. An unequal ratio of mating types and a low overall genetic diversity in the population indicated a strong influence of asexual reproduction. Although some of the oldest recorded European occurrences of BSNB are from Croatia, this study provided no evidence that the population studied in Croatia was the source of the sampled outbreaks in Slovenia. Recent outbreaks of L. acicola in Slovenia are most likely due to introductions from other, yet to be identified, sources.     

Identification and pathogenicity of Cryphonectriaceae species associated with chestnut canker in China

Cryphonectriaceae species cause serious canker diseases on chestnut, oak and eucalypt trees. Recently, canker symptoms with typical orange fruiting bodies were observed on Chinese chestnut and oak trees in Hebei, Hubei, Shaanxi and Shandong Provinces in China. In the present study, isolates of these fungi were identified based on phylogenetic and morphological evidence, and their pathogenicities were tested on detached chestnut (Castanea mollissima) branches. DNA sequence comparisons of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions and two regions of β-tubulin (TUB1/TUB2) indicate that these isolates represent five species in the Cryphonectriaceae, viz. Cryphonectria japonica, Cryphonectria parasitica, Aurantiosacculus castaneae sp. nov., Cryphonectria neoparasitica sp. nov. and Endothia chinensis sp. nov. The sexual morph of Aurantiosacculus is discovered for the first time and can be distinguished from the other genera in Cryphonectriaceae by dark brown ascospores and tubiform appendages at both ends. Cryphonectria neoparasitica sp. nov. is different from the other Cryphonectria species by its aseptate ascospores. Endothia chinensis sp. nov. is the sole species in Endothia infecting the host genus Castanea. Additionally, it is much smaller than E. gyrosa and narrower than E. singularis in ascospores. The inoculation results showed that these five Cryphonectriaceae fungi isolated from chestnut or oak are all pathogenic to tested chestnut branches. Cryphonectria parasitica appears to be the most aggressive fungus, followed by C. neoparasitica sp. nov., C. japonica, E. chinensis sp. nov. and A. castaneae sp. nov.     

Ray blight of pyrethrum in Australia: a review of the current status and future opportunities

Ray blight caused by Stagonosporopsis tanaceti is one of the most important diseases of pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium), a perennial herbaceous plant cultivated for the extraction of insecticidal pyrethrins in Australia. The disease is responsible for complete yield loss in severe outbreaks. Infected seed is considered as the principal source of S. tanaceti. Infection hyphae remain only in the seed coat and not in the embryo, resulting in pre- and post-emergence death of seedlings and latent infection. Therefore, quantification of the level of infection by S. tanaceti within seed using a qPCR assay is important for efficient management of the disease. Stagonosporopsis tanaceti completes its life cycle within 12 days after leaf infection through production of pycnidia and can infect every tissue of the pyrethrum plant except the vascular and root tissues. Ray blight epidemics occur in pyrethrum fields through splash dispersal of pycnidiospores between adjacent plants. Besides steam sterilization, thiabendazole/thiram and fludioxonil are effective seed-treating chemicals in controlling S. tanaceti before planting begins. Ray blight is currently managed in the field through the foliar application of strobilurin fungicides in the first 1–2 years of crop establishment. Later on, difenoconazole and multisite specific fungicides in the next 2–3 years during early spring successfully reduce ray blight infestation. Avoiding development of resistance to fungicides will require more sustainable management of ray blight including the development and deployment of resistant cultivars.