纳罗克非洲狗尾草种子产量因子与产量的通径分析

采用多因素裂区试验设计,通过大样本相关、通径和逐步回归分析后,结果表明,纳罗克非洲狗尾草Setaria sphacelata cv. Narok的6个种子产量因子对种子产量的直接贡献大小排序为：x4（单位长度小花数）>x6（千粒重）>x1（花序长）>x2（单位面积生殖枝数）>x3（单位长度小穗数）>x5（单位长度种子数）,说明提高单位长度小花数、千粒重和花序长是最有效提高纳罗克非洲狗尾草种子产量的途径,其次提高单位长度小穗数、单位长度小花数和单位面积生殖枝数。     

践踏和降水对环县典型草原土壤颗粒分维特征的影响

采用试验践踏与模拟降水控制试验,对16个不同试验组合样区表土(0~15 cm)质地的机械组成进行分析,结果表明,随着践踏强度增加,土壤颗粒表现出不同程度的粗化趋势,降水具有双向调节的作用。利用分形模型计算了土壤粒径分形维数,计算结果表明,分形维数指标与践踏强度呈负相关关系。但分形维数递减幅度与模拟降水处理水平相关,在模拟降水处理水平依次为干旱、自然降水、平水、丰水时,粒径分形维数递减幅度依次为4.33%,2.61%,1.34%和1.23%。降水与践踏的匹配关系,对形成确定的分形维数具有决定性作用。由于具有较高分形维数的土壤更易发生放牧侵蚀,若管理不善则会发展为荒漠化。因此,在此种意义上来说,土壤分形维数的测算对进一步研究放牧侵蚀机理和荒漠化形成过程可能具有推动作用。     

多花黑麦草幼穗分化进程对种子生产性状的影响

两年分期播种试验结果表明，多花黑麦草幼穗分化进程对穗部性状和种子产量有显著影响。幼穗分化的天数与每穗种子粒数呈极显著正相关。播种愈早，幼穗分化天数愈多，种子产量愈高。南京地区留种的多花草麦草的最佳播期为８月２０日至９月１０日。二棱期是多花黑麦草通过春化阶段的形态标志，也是幼穗能否分化完全的转折点。单棱至护颖分化期是影响种子粒数最关键的时期。     

箭筈豌豆种子人工加速老化条件筛选的研究

人工加速老化法是种子活力测定的常用方法之一,但不同物种适宜的老化条件往往不同。以9个箭筈豌豆种批为材料,在100%相对湿度,41、43及45 ℃条件分别老化处理12、24、36、48、60及72 h,通过测定发芽率及发芽速率,筛选出箭筈豌豆适宜的人工加速老化条件。结果表明,老化温度、时间以及两者的交互作用对发芽率及发芽速率均有极显著影响(P<0.01)。随着老化温度及时间的增加,发芽率逐渐下降,老化处理48 h后发芽率均显著降低(P<0.05)(除种批6);发芽速率先增加后降低,24 h后呈现下降趋势。相关分析结果表明老化时间对箭筈豌豆发芽率和发芽速率的影响大于温度。在41 ℃-60 h老化条件下,发芽率和发芽速率分别将9个种批分为8和6个质量等级,比其他老化处理条件划分更多的质量等级,且各质量等级之间差异显著(P<0.05)。因此,41 ℃-60 h是箭筈豌豆适宜的人工加速老化条件。     

The use of a pen-size optimization workbook for experiment research design using the Visual Basic for Applications in Excel for poultry

Researchers often seem to choose the number of birds per pen and replications per treatment somewhat arbitrarily on the basis of cost, availability of animals, housing considerations, convenience, tradition, and so on. Statistical simulation, performed while designing an experiment, will provide a researcher with an objective estimate of the number of birds per pen and replicates needed for an experiment of known Type I and II errors. In most cases, the time for making power calculations should be before, not after, an experiment is conducted. Here we present a Microsoft Excel workbook to explore the statistical and economic ramifications of different combinations of birds per replicate and replicates per treatment for research with poultry.     

用活力指标评价几种牧草的种批质量和田间出苗率

采用一系列试验室和田间试验，以探讨催腐、电导、发芽势、发芽指数和幼苗根长等活力指标用于评价牧草种批质量和田间出苗率的适用性。供试牧草种为紫花苜蓿、光叶紫花苕、苏丹草和老芒麦。试验结果表明，与标准发芽率相比较，电导和催腐法可更为有效地预测2种豆科牧草种子的出苗率和划分光叶紫花苕的种批质量；发芽势和发芽指数可更准确地预测苏丹草的出苗率；而发芽指数可更灵敏地划分老芒麦的种批质量。其他活力方法在评价其他质量指标方面未显示出优越性。讨论了影响活力测定的因素。     

甘蓝型油菜黄籽高含油量育种资源遗传多样性分析

以2份白菜型油菜为对照,用SRAP标记研究了57份甘蓝型油菜黄籽高油育种资源的遗传关系。在遗传相似系数0.682处,可将59份材料分为3类:两份白菜型油菜聚为一类;甘蓝型油菜除选系Y58单独聚为一类外,其他所有选系归为另一类,显示黄籽高油育种资源遗传基础较窄。在遗传相似性系数0.738处,又可将57份甘蓝型油菜分为6个亚类,其中53份材料归为两个大的亚类,系谱或亲缘关系较近的材料一般聚在同一亚类,且按系谱关系比地理来源划分明显,提示地理来源配制强优势黄籽高油杂交组合可靠性可能不如按系谱来源。     

祁连山东麓高寒草甸不同退化程度草地土壤种子库特征研究

通过野外调查和种子萌发法对东祁连山高寒草甸4种不同退化程度草地(未退化,ND;轻度退化,LD;中度退化,MD;重度退化,HD)土壤种子库进行了比较研究。结果表明:4种退化程度草地种子密度大小为:轻度退化草地>未退化草地>中度退化草地>重度退化草地;未退化草地共发现了6种植物,主要为十字花科(Cruciferae)和毛茛科(Ranunculaceae)植物;轻度退化草地共发现了9种植物,主要为禾本科(Gramineae)、菊科(Compositae)和豆科(Leguminosae)植物;中度退化草地共发现了5种植物,主要为车前科(Plantaginaceae)植物;重度退化草地共发现了5种植物,主要为禾本科(Gramineae)植物;对于土壤种子库的物种多样性,轻度退化草地最有利于维持和保护该地区物种多样性,未退化草地和轻度退化草地显著优于中度退化草地和重度退化草地;总体来看,4种退化程度草地种子库种子与地面植被物种相似性均较低。     

Genital Disorders,Linear and Testicular Characteristics in Menz Rams

Clinical examination, bodily condition score (BCS), heart girth (HG), body length (BL), wither height (WH), and scrotal circumference (SC) were assessed on 486 mature Ethiopian Menz rams, on small farms, in local markets, and at the main abattoir in Addis Ababa from December 1994 to April 1995. Almost 27% of the rams were found to be unfit for breeding. Poor general condition, mainly in the form of respiratory disorders, was seen in 1.2% of the rams. Balanoposthitis, epididymitis and orchitis were the most common pathological conditions, affecting the external reproductive organs in 14.6%, 4.5% and 4.1% of the rams, respectively. Testicular calcification, cysts and testicular haemorrhagic lesions were detected in 4, 6 and 8, respectively, of the 60 rams examined at necropsy. The BCS, HG, BL and WH averaged 2.1±0.5, 67.7±5.0 cm, 60.1±4.5 cm and 60.1±4.3 cm, respectively. The mean SC was 25.5±3.9 cm and did not vary significantly with age (p>0.05). Among the linear body measurements, the highest correlation was between BL and WH (r = 0.66). SC was found to be most closely correlated to HG (r = 0.46). More investigations into the relationship between the present findings and actual fertility, and on their practical application in the selection of rams for breeding is recommended.     

Employing a Monte Carlo algorithm in expectation maximization restricted maximum likelihood estimation of the linear mixed model

Multiple‐trait and random regression models have multiplied the number of equations needed for the estimation of variance components. To avoid inversion or decomposition of a large coefficient matrix, we propose estimation of variance components by Monte Carlo expectation maximization restricted maximum likelihood (MC EM REML) for multiple‐trait linear mixed models. Implementation is based on full‐model sampling for calculating the prediction error variances required for EM REML. Performance of the analytical and the MC EM REML algorithm was compared using a simulated and a field data set. For field data, results from both algorithms corresponded well even with one MC sample within an MC EM REML round. The magnitude of the standard errors of estimated prediction error variances depended on the formula used to calculate them and on the MC sample size within an MC EM REML round. Sampling variation in MC EM REML did not impair the convergence behaviour of the solutions compared with analytical EM REML analysis. A convergence criterion that takes into account the sampling variation was developed to monitor convergence for the MC EM REML algorithm. For the field data set, MC EM REML proved far superior to analytical EM REML both in computing time and in memory need.