Uneven ripening in ‘Bangalore blue’ grape (Vitis vinifera × Vitis labrusca) berries in India is linked to seed viability

Uneven ripening (UR) is a physiological disorder of unknown origin in ‘Bangalore blue’ grape (Vitis vinifera × Vitis labrusca) leading to wine of inferior quality. A preliminary study found wide variations in total dehydrogenase activity (TDH) of seeds from unevenly ripe berries. In our experiments, gibberellin (GA₃) applied to young grapes increased seed TDH activity and reduced the incidence of uneven ripening to 2% compared with 35% in the control. In contrast, paclobutrazol (PBZ) decreased TDH activity and increased the incidence of the disorder to 58%. GA₃-treated berries had higher concentrations of sucrose and TDH activity in seed representing mature seeds with high viability. In contrast, PBZ-treated and control berries had higher concentrations of glucose and lower TDH activity, indicating immature seeds with low viability. These results suggested that competition among developing berries can lead to differences in seed gibberellin content, seed viability and the rate of berry growth resulting in green, purple, and black berries at harvest. The study established the role of seed viability in uneven ripening and demonstrated that the incidence of the disorder is reduced by the application of GA₃ to immature berries.     

Dispersal of invasive Phytolacca americana seeds by birds in an urban garden in China

Although seed dispersal is a key process determining the regeneration and spread of invasive plant populations, few studies have explicitly addressed the link between dispersal vector behavior and seedling recruitment to gain insight into the invasion process within an urban garden context. We evaluated the role of bird vectors in the dispersal of pokeweed (Phytolacca americana), a North American herb that is invasive in urban gardens in China. Fruiting P. americana attracted both generalist and specialist bird species that fed on and dispersed its seeds. The generalist species Pycnonotus sinensis and Urocissa erythrorhyncha were the most frequent dispersers. Seedling numbers of P. americana were strongly associated with the perching behavior of frugivorous birds. If newly recruited bird species use seedling‐safe perching sites, the P. americana will regenerate faster, which would enhance its invasive potential. Based on our observations, we conclude that the 2 main bird vectors, P. sinensis and U. erythrorhyncha, provide potential effective dispersal agents for P. americana. Our results highlight the role of native birds in seed dispersal of invasive plants in urban gardens.     

用活力指标评价几种牧草的种批质量和田间出苗率

采用一系列试验室和田间试验，以探讨催腐、电导、发芽势、发芽指数和幼苗根长等活力指标用于评价牧草种批质量和田间出苗率的适用性。供试牧草种为紫花苜蓿、光叶紫花苕、苏丹草和老芒麦。试验结果表明，与标准发芽率相比较，电导和催腐法可更为有效地预测2种豆科牧草种子的出苗率和划分光叶紫花苕的种批质量；发芽势和发芽指数可更准确地预测苏丹草的出苗率；而发芽指数可更灵敏地划分老芒麦的种批质量。其他活力方法在评价其他质量指标方面未显示出优越性。讨论了影响活力测定的因素。     

施氮肥对高羊茅种子质量和产量组成的影响

2000-2001年在新疆塔里木农垦大学牧草试验站进行了施氮肥对交战高羊茅种子质量和产量组成影响的研究。结果表明,施氮可以明显提高种子的活力和质量,并增加了单位面积的生殖枝数和小花数／小穗;施氮肥提高了种子产量,其中以秋季60kg／hm^2 春季120kg／hm^2施氮量为最好,种子产量可达1653．9kg／hm^2。     

芡欧鼠尾草的组织培养和快速繁殖

以芡欧鼠尾草(Salvia hispanica)成熟种子为外植体,1/2MS为基本培养基,研究不同浓度的外源激素对愈伤组织的诱导、增殖和生根的影响,从而初步建立了芡欧鼠尾草组织培养的快速繁殖体系。结果表明,诱导种子愈伤组织的最适宜培养基为1/2MS+10.0mg·L~(-1) 6-BA+1.0mg·L~(-1) NAA+0.4mg·L~(-1) ZT,诱导率为66.5%;不定芽增殖的最适培养基为1/2MS+3.0mg·L~(-1) 6-BA+0.5mg·L~(-1) NAA,增殖倍数为7.69;生根的最适培养基为1/2MS+0.5mg·L~(-1) NAA,生根率达100%,平均生根数为5.68;移栽后植株生长良好,成活率较高,达97%。     

几种重金属离子对高羊茅种子萌发及生理活性的响应

试验以高羊茅Festuca arundinacea"凌志1号"种子为材料,研究了镉(Cd2 )、铜(Cu2 )、汞(Hg2 )对种子萌发和幼芽细胞膜透性以及其体内过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响.结果表明,0.5和5mg/L Hg2 极显著地促进萌发(P<0.01),50mg/L Cu2 极显著地抑制萌发(P<0.01),500mg/L各离子均显著抑制种子萌发(P<0.05).随处理的质量浓度逐渐增加,幼芽细胞膜透性逐渐增加.0.5mg/L的质量浓度下,Cu2 和Hg2 处理幼芽细胞膜透性显著低于对照(P<0.05);5和50mg/L的质量浓度下,Hg2 处理细胞膜透性最大;500mg/L的质量浓度下,Cu2 处理细胞膜透性最高.幼芽CAT的影响均表现为随质量浓度增加而逐渐升高,在0.5mg/L的质量浓度下,Cu2 处理CAT活性相对较高;在5mg/L的质量浓度下,Hg2 处理CAT活性相对较高;在50mg/L的质量浓度下,Cu2 和Hg2 处理CAT活性相对高于Cd2 处理;在500mg/L的质量的浓度下,Cu2 处理CAT活性相对较高.发芽率与细胞膜透性间存在较强的相关关系,发芽率和细胞膜透性与CAT呈负相关.综合分析几种重金属离子对高羊茅种子萌发的影响,Cd2 对高羊茅的毒害作用最大,Cu2 最小.     

La(NO3)3对4个苜蓿品种种子活力与膜透性作用的比较

通过La3 离子对4个苜蓿Medicago sativa品种种子活力与膜透性作用的比较,结果表明:当用8种不同浓度La(NO3)3溶液处理4个苜蓿品种种子时,La3 浓度小于600μg/mL时,可促进种子的活力;其中,中苜1号和胜利者的活力指数变化稳定且较高,而草原1号在La3 浓度为600μg/mL时变化剧烈。中苜1号和胜利者可以较长时间忍耐La3 在750μg/mL的处理浓度,超过此剂量时,膜结构就受到了破坏;而阿尔冈金和草原1号在La3 浓度接近750μg/mL时,种子活力就已经开始下降了。     

中国大鲵子二代制种技术的研究

为了推动中国大鲵人工生态繁殖和迁地保护的成功 ,系统介绍了中国大鲵子二代制种的技术路线 ,首先收集野生中国大鲵经人工驯养成为亲本种鲵 ,种鲵进行人工催产获得卵子、精子 ,经人工授精产生受精卵 ,再经人工孵化获得子一代幼苗 ,子一代经人工培育 2～ 3年产生子一代后备种鲵 ,再通过生理生态人工强化培育获得 1998年、1999年子一代亲本 ,然后经人工繁殖产生子二代大鲵 ,子二代大鲵可以放归自然保护区或供科研、观赏、商品鲵等利用。从 1998～ 2 0 0 3年共生产子一代 1 5万余尾 ,2 0 0 2年生产子二代 12 6 0尾 ,2 0 0 3年 4 80 6尾 (2年合计子二代 6 6 0 6尾 ) ,种群数量从最初的 1996年的 10 0尾增加到 2 0 0 3年的 2 31万尾 ,增长2 31倍 ,实践证明 ,此技术路线正确、可行。     

不同盐胁迫对斜茎黄芪种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

[目的]明晰斜茎黄芪种子萌发及幼苗生长对不同盐胁迫的适应性。[方法]分别采用NaCl溶液、Na₂SO₄溶液和Na₂CO₃溶液对斜茎黄芪种子进行盐胁迫处理,每种溶液均设置0（CK）、10、20、30、40 mmol/L 5个浓度梯度,每种溶液每个处理浓度设置3次重复。计算不同盐溶液处理下斜茎黄芪种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数和相对盐害率,测定幼苗株高、根长。[结果]随着盐溶液浓度逐渐升高,斜茎黄芪种子萌发及幼苗生长指标均呈下降趋势。与CK组相比,NaCl、Na₂SO₄、Na₂CO₃处理组在盐溶液浓度为40 mmol/L时,斜茎黄芪种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数显著（P<0.05）降低,幼苗株高及根长显著（P<0.05）降低。Na₂SO₄处理组在盐溶液浓度为10 mmol/L时,幼苗根部较CK组长5.5%,低浓度Na₂SO₄溶液促进了幼苗根部生长;Na₂CO₃溶液处理对斜茎黄芪种子造成严重的盐害,各浓度处理组的种子萌发及幼苗生长指标均显著（P<0.05）低于CK组,且各处理浓度之间差异较大。[结论]斜茎黄芪种子对3种盐胁迫的耐受程度为Na₂SO₄>NaCl>Na₂CO₃。低浓度Na₂SO₄溶液对斜茎黄芪种子的萌发和幼苗生长表现出一定的促进作用,Na₂CO₃溶液则表现出较强的抑制作用。     

一氧化氮对铅胁迫下杂花苜蓿种子萌发及幼苗生理特性的影响

以杂花苜蓿阿尔冈金(Medicago varia cv.ALgonquin)为试验材料,采用沙培方法,研究了外源一氧化氮(NO)供体硝普钠(SNP)对Pb2+处理下杂花苜蓿种子萌发及幼苗生理特性的影响。结果表明,与对照比,用SNP(100μmol/L)、低Pb2+浓度(250mg/L)和SNP与低Pb2+浓度组合(100μmol/L SNP+250mg/L)处理均增加了杂花苜蓿种子的发芽势、发芽率、胚芽胚根长,提高了幼苗脯氨酸、可溶性糖及可溶性蛋白质的含量,增强了根系活力,降低了MDA含量。高Pb2+浓度(500mg/L)处理不利于杂花苜蓿种子萌发和幼苗生长,且100μmol/L SNP不能缓解高铅胁迫对种子萌发及幼苗生长的抑制作用。