A framework for results‐based management in fisheries

We present a framework for results‐based management (RBM) of commercial fisheries. The core idea of RBM is to reduce micromanagement by delegating management responsibility to resource users. The RBM framework represents an industrial organization approach to co‐management and comprises three defining processes, conducted by three independent “agents”: (i) an “authority” defines specific and measurable and achievable objectives (outcome targets, OTs) for the utilization of fisheries resources, (ii) resource user organizations (termed “operators”) take responsibility for achieving these OTs and provide documentation that (iii) allows independent “auditors” to evaluate the achievement of OTs. Using incentive mechanisms, notably deregulation, RBM grants operators the flexibility to develop and implement innovative and cost‐effective ways to achieve OTs. The feasibility of implementing RBM in five European fisheries was investigated in cooperation with relevant stakeholders through artificial planning processes and computer simulations. The operators involved were enthusiastic, and new management plans were drafted based on the framework. These included socioeconomic OTs in addition to traditional stock objectives, encompassing an ecosystem approach. Several issues are in need of further research to consolidate the approach and prepare the ground for practical implementation, including: the specification of the legal and regulatory framework required to underpin RBM, details of transitional arrangements when shifting towards RBM (including cost‐sharing) and the development of necessary organizational capacity for operators. Initially, we therefore envisage the framework being applied to high‐value single‐species fisheries, with a limited number of participants, which are adequately represented by a competent organization.     

层次分析法在生态预警中的应用--以酒泉绿洲为例

根据酒泉绿洲的生态环境现状 ,建立了酒泉绿洲生态环境预警评价指标体系。运用层次分析法对该指标体系中的各因子进行了统计分析 ,确定了各生态因子的具体权重 ,得出了各影响因子的重要性排序。根据排序结果 ,对酒泉绿洲的生态环境作了预警评价并提出了主要生态问题的防治措施     

不同根部处理对芍药分株后生长的影响

为了探求芍药分株时简单,易行,效果好的根部处理方法,以两个芍药品种"紫凤羽"和"桃花飞雪"为材料,分株时根部分别采取不同处理方法,栽植后次年春天对萌发时间、萌芽率、株高、最大花茎、叶色等进行统计、分析。结果表明,不同芍药品种分株时不同根处理方法效果略有差异,但差异不显著,其中以用草木灰涂(加水搅拌成糊状)抹于切口的处理方法效果最好。     

工业化农业与生态农业的国际比较及其对中国的启示北大核心CSCD

工业化农业与生态农业是国际农业现代化的两种主要路径,其实践经验对于中国农业现代化的转型建设具有重要意义。本文采用文献分析和历史研究法,对农业现代化的内涵、地区实践和关键特征进行梳理总结,并从生产力、资源环境、社会经济、营养与健康4个方面对比分析两种路径的成效与不足,探讨中国农业现代化发展道路。研究表明,工业化农业能够显著提高粮食产量和劳动生产效率,适用于耕地充足的大型农场和规模农业经营户,但在环境保护、资源利用、食品安全和农户生计保障上存在不足。生态农业能够保证稳定的粮食产出、提供多样化的高品质农产品,在生物多样性保护、资源利用率和农户生计保障上表现出优势,适用于耕地资源紧张的区域和小农户,但面临覆盖范围小、技术手段陈旧等问题。根据国际经验,结合中国农业现代化发展中存在的问题,提出应充分尊重农民意愿,生态化改造工业化农业,智慧化升级生态农业,同时传承利用中华农耕文化中的生态智慧,选择适合地区禀赋特征的农业现代化道路。