植被恢复的土壤固碳效应：动态与驱动机制

植被恢复是影响土壤有机碳库动态变化的关键过程之一,阐明植被恢复过程中土壤有机碳的固持动态及其驱动机制,是全球变化下碳循环研究的热点和前沿问题。本文综述了近年来国内外关于植被恢复过程中土壤有机碳固定动态及其驱动机制方面的研究,剖析植被恢复中土壤有机碳固持动态及其影响因素,探讨植物碳输入对土壤有机碳动态变化的影响机制,揭示植被恢复中土壤有机碳固定的物理、化学和微生物驱动机制,并对目前研究中存在的问题进行总结,进而提出关于植被恢复的土壤固碳效应研究,亟需在土壤有机碳组分的动态、微生物结构和功能,以及植物—土壤—微生物对土壤有机碳固持的协同作用机制等方面进一步加强。本综述可为植被恢复与土壤固碳稳定机制研究指明未来的方向,进而为促进我国植被恢复的土壤碳循环研究,科学评价生态系统土壤固碳潜力和有效实施生态系统碳汇管理提供科学参考。     

山西黄河流域不同土地利用类型NDVI时空变化及其对气温、降水的响应

[目的]了解山西黄河流域不同土地利用类型NDVI时空变化及其对气温、降水的响应关系,对该流域生态保护、修复和高质量发展具有重要的意义。[方法]基于1998—2018年NDVI数据,利用NDVI变化趋势、变异系数、空间自相关等方法,对山西黄河流域不同土地利用类型NDVI时空变化特征及其与气温、降水的关系进行分析。[结果]不同土地利用类型NDVI变化趋势均呈向好态势,草地和林地覆盖状况优于整体水平。NDVI在空间上整体呈南北纵列、高低相间的分布格局,吕梁山和太岳山—中条山高,西部高原丘陵区和汾河谷地低。NDVI变化趋势的空间异质性显著,植被以显著改善为主。林地改善趋势的稳定性最好。NDVI表现出明显的空间集聚性特征,其中耕地NDVI变化趋势聚集特征最明显。不同土地利用类型NDVI对降水的敏感性强于气温。[结论]山西黄河流域不同土地利用类型NDVI时空变化差异显著,并对气温和降水存在响应关系,此研究将为该流域生态保护和建设提供更精准的植被恢复数据及其和气温、降水关系的基础资料。     

不同恢复方式下退化岩溶山区土壤微生物特性

为了探讨恢复方式对退化岩溶山区土壤生化特性的影响,对贵州南部岩溶山区退化地、不同恢复方式和对照原始林下土壤养分、微生物活性及群落结构进行了比较研究。结果表明:与退化地相比,不同恢复方式下土壤养分和微生物特性指标都有不同程度的提高;相对于对照原始林,不同恢复方式下大部分土壤养分和微生物功能活性指标的恢复程度分别为40%~75%和27%~60%,暗示着退化岩溶山区土壤微生物功能活性恢复滞后于土壤养分恢复;除土壤有效磷和蔗糖酶活性外,人工恢复方式(花椒和人还)的大部分土壤养分含量和土壤微生物活性恢复程度分别为对照的34%~47%和17%~47%,均低于自然恢复方式(还草和自还)的土壤养分和微生物活性恢复程度(对照的52%~78%和31%~61%),意味着自然恢复方式提高土壤质量效果优于人工恢复方式;不同恢复方式下植被状况影响着退化岩溶土壤细菌的分子群落结构,但不同恢复方式间土壤细菌种的丰富度和多样性差异均不明显。     

Growth and competitiveness of the New Zealand tree species Podocarpus cunninghamii is reduced by ex-agricultural AMF but enhanced by forest AMF

The composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) communities found in agricultural systems has been found to be very different to that of forest. The implications of this, if any, for the restoration of indigenous forest on ex-agricultural land is poorly understood. This study investigated the effect that AMF communities isolated from ex-agricultural and forest soils have on the growth of an indigenous New Zealand tree species (Podocarpus cunninghamii). The forest AMF community was isolated from a remnant stand of P. cunninghamii forest and the ex-agricultural AMF from a retired grazing grassland. In addition, the study examined how the two AMF communities affected the competitiveness of P. cunninghamii when grown in competition with an invasive grass species (Agrostis capillaris), which is frequently dominant on ex-agricultural land in New Zealand. P. cunninghamii growth was significantly decreased by inoculation with ex-agricultural AMF compared to forest AMF. Furthermore, the forest AMF community was able to significantly increase P. cunninghamii root production when in competition with A. capillaris. The findings suggest that when attempting to restore indigenous forest on ex-agricultural land, inoculation of tree seedlings with appropriate forest AMF may improve their growth and survival.     

霍林河露天煤矿排土场植被恢复与重建技术探讨

以霍林河露天煤矿排土场的植被恢复实践为例,在实地考察与观测的基础上,对过去排土场复垦工程中的种植模式、植物种类选用和生长表现等方面的成就与不足进行总结分析,并结合国内外的复垦成果,提出一套场地整理、表土覆盖、排土场稳定和边坡护理、植物种类选择、种植模式,以及种植与管护等适合霍林河露天煤矿排土场的植被恢复与重建技术,可供草原地区露天煤矿的植被恢复与重建参考。     

Impacts of land use and plant characteristics on dried soil layers in different climatic regions on the Loess Plateau of China

A dried soil layer (DSL) formed in the soil profile is a typical indication of soil drought caused by climate change and/or poor land management. The responses of a soil to drought conditions in water-limited systems and the impacts of plant characteristics on these processes are seldom known due to the lack of comparative data on soil water content (SWC) in the soil profile. The occurrence of DSLs can interfere in the water cycle in soil-plant-atmosphere systems by preventing water interchanges between upper soil layers and groundwater. Consequently, a DSL may limit the sustainability of environmental restoration projects (e.g., revegetation, soil and water conservation, etc.) on the Loess Plateau of China and in other similar arid and semiarid regions. In this study, we investigated and compared the impacts of soil type, land use and plant characteristics within each of the three climatic regions (arid, semiarid, semihumid) of the Loess Plateau. A total of 17,906 soil samples from 382 soil profiles were collected to characterize DSLs across the Plateau.Spatial patterns of DSLs (represented by four indices: (1) DSL thickness, DSLT; (2) DSL forming depth, DSLFD; (3) mean SWC within the DSL, DSL-SWC; and (4) stable field water capacity, SFC) differed significantly among the climatic regions, emphasizing the importance of considering climatic conditions when assessing DSL variations. The impact of land use on DSLs varied among the three climatic regions. In the arid region, land use had no significant effect on DSLs but there were significant effects in the semiarid and semihumid regions (P < 0.05). The development of DSLs under trees and grasses was more severe in the semiarid region than in the semihumid region. In each climatic region, the extent of DSLs depended on the plant species (e.g., native or exotic, tree or grass) and growth ages; while only in the semiarid region, the DSL-SWC and SFC (P < 0.001) were significantly influenced by soil type. The DSL distribution pattern was related to the climatic region and the soil texture, which both followed gradients along the southeast-northwest axis of the Plateau. Optimizing land use can mediate DSL formation and development in the semiarid and semihumid regions of the Loess Plateau and in similar regions elsewhere. Understanding the dominant factors affecting DSLs at the regional scale enables scientifically based policies to be made that would alleviate the process of soil desiccation and sustain development of the economy and restoration of the natural environment. Moreover, these results can also be useful to the modeling of the regional water cycle and related eco-hydrological processes.     

黄土高原植被恢复提高大于0.25mm粒级水稳性团聚体在土壤增碳中的作用

本研究选择陕北黄土高原绥德、吴旗、宜川3个地区,调查分析了不同植被恢复类型（草、灌、乔）下05cm表层土壤水稳性团聚体粒径分布及其有机碳含量的变化。结果表明:不同植被恢复类型均显著提高了 2mm和2～0.25mm 两个粒级的水稳性团聚体及其有机碳（SOC）的含量,但不同植被恢复类型的作用在3个地区有所不同。与农地相比,在绥德,油松和柠条、分别使 2mm和2～0.25mm粒级的水稳性团聚体中的SOC含量分别提高了99%～153%和219%～350% ,但苜蓿没有明显作用;在吴旗,苜蓿、沙棘、刺槐分别使 2mm和2～0.25mm水稳性团聚体中SOC含量分别提高了28%～30%和85%～130%,而刺槐对 2mm水稳性团聚体没有作用,而使2～0.25mm粒级的水稳性团聚体SOC含量提高了210% ; 在宜川,白草、羊胡草、狼牙刺和油松使 2mm和2～0.25mm粒级的水稳性团聚体中的SOC含量分别提高了405%～932%和724%～1130%。植被恢复土壤增碳主要是提高了2～0.25mm和2mm 两个粒级的水稳性团聚体中SOC的含量,提高值分别为514%和470%,占土壤有机碳库增量的49%和43%,而对其它粒级水稳性团聚体中SOC含量的贡献小于16%。以上研究结果说明,植被恢复稳定土层结构、促进土壤水稳性大团聚体中SOC的形成,可能在黄土丘陵侵蚀景观土壤固碳过程中起重要作用。     

湘西南石漠化地区不同植被恢复模式的土壤有机碳研究

以湘西南石漠化地区侧柏纯林、侧柏+枫香混交林、湿地松+枫香混交林、栾树纯林和封山育林5种植被恢复模式下的土壤为研究对象,通过野外土壤剖面调查和土壤样品化学分析,研究石漠化地区植被恢复过程中不同层次、不同坡位、不同林龄的土壤有机碳特征。结果表明:(1)5种林分土壤有机碳含量为栾树纯林>封山育林>侧柏纯林>侧柏+枫香混交林>湿地松+枫香混交林,并随土壤深度增加而递减,各林分变化幅度不同,且各土层之间差异显著。(2)随林龄的增加,土壤有机碳含量增加且主要集中在土壤表层。(3)同一林分下,不同坡位有机碳含量变化为下坡>中坡>上坡。(4)土壤有机碳密度在5种林分中差异显著,并随土壤深度增加而减少;在整个土壤剖面上,有机碳密度为54.22～96.52t/hm2,其中0-15cm有机碳密度的贡献率达55.95%。     

棉花黄萎病拮抗细菌HMB-1005鉴定及定殖

以大丽轮枝菌(Verticillium dahliae)为指示菌,对从棉田土壤中已经分离筛选到的细菌HMB-1005进行形态、19项生理生化特征及16S rDNA试验,结果表明,HMB-1005为解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens);通过灭菌土和非灭菌土进行盆栽试验,拮抗菌HMB-1005芽孢液浸种、土壤全部混菌和部分混菌3种处理,经过5个月的盆栽试验表明,拮抗细菌HMB-1005能够在灭菌土和非灭菌土中定殖,且定殖数量达106cfu/g土左右,并仍能保持较高的抑菌活性。通过对棉苗根内细菌的分离,证实拮抗细菌HMB-1005能在棉花根内定殖,数量达到103cfu/g。实验结果显示,灭菌土的拮抗菌数高于非灭菌土,并且3种处理方式差异不明显,在实际生产应用中,建议使用浸种方法。     

元谋干热河谷植被恢复对土壤酶活性的影响特征

选取5种植被恢复模式,研究了不同模式对土壤酶活性的影响以及土壤肥力与土壤酶活性的关系。结果表明,植被恢复后土壤蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶和碱性磷酸酶活性相比光板地都有明显提高,顺序依次为酸角〉小桐子〉印楝;同种植被的土壤酶活性表现出根际大于非根际的特性;不同的植被恢复模式和种植方式对酶活性都有较大的影响,等高垄沟模式具有较好的保土保肥能力,创造了良好的微生物环境,增强了土壤酶活性;植被恢复模式下酶活性与土壤肥力之间的关系密切,特别是有机质、全氮与土壤蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶和碱性磷酸酶的相关性较好。因此,用土壤酶活性来评价植被恢复的效果是可靠的。