The in vitro diagnosis of anthelmintic resistance in cyathostomins

Cyathostomins are the primary parasitic pathogens of equids. For over 40 years, these nematodes have been controlled using broad spectrum anthelmintics. Three classes of anthelmintic are currently available for this use but, unfortunately, resistance to each of these has now been recorded in cyathostomin populations. As part of an optimal strategy to control cyathostomin infections in the field, it will be important to identify drug-resistant worms at as early a stage as possible. This objective needs to be supported by methodologies that will allow the accurate comparison of anthelmintic resistance in different nematode populations. At present, the faecal egg count reduction test is considered the most suitable method for initial screening for anthelmintic resistance in equine nematode populations. However, in its current state, this test lacks sensitivity. It is also costly and time-consuming to perform. Laboratory-based techniques, such as the egg hatch assay, larval development assay, larval migration inhibition assay and the larval feeding inhibition assay offer alternative options for assessing anthelmintic resistance in nematode populations. All of these tests have been investigated for their utility in measuring drug resistance in sheep nematode populations and some have proven useful. The egg hatch assay, larval development assay and larval migration inhibition assay have been investigated for use in measuring levels of drug resistance in equine nematode populations. However, at best, the results obtained thus far indicate that these tests require further refinement.     

H5N1亚型禽流感病毒A/Guangxi/1/2005株抗药机制的研究

为研究H5N1亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)的抗药机制,本研究选取Clade2.3.4亚群中一株对金刚烷胺敏感的人源AIV A/Guangxi/1/2005(H5N1)(S-GX05),用抗流感病毒药物金刚烷胺对其进行定向诱导,筛选出一株抗药性病毒株,命名为R-A/Guangxi/1/2005(R-GX05)。通过全基因测序并与S-GX05全基因序列进行对比,结果显示S-GX05只在其M2蛋白中有一个氨基酸位点发生突变,即A30P;抗药性鉴定这两株病毒的半数药物抑制浓度(IC50)分别为0.9μM和48.9μM,表明R-GX05对金刚烷胺表现出一定程度的抗性。动物实验证实,这两株病毒对BALB/c小鼠的致病性基本一致,均表现出高致病性,其MLD50分别为4.7 log10 EID50和5.0 log10 EID50,两株病毒在小鼠体内各组织脏器中的分布及增殖能力也基本相同。这些结果表明,S-GX05在药物压力下产生抗药性后,并未引起其它生物学特性的改变。A30P的发现为进一步从分子水平上研究H5N1亚型AIV的抗药机制及新型抗流感新药的研发奠定了基础。     

我国青藏高原地区牦牛草地放牧系统管理及优化

基于牦牛所处地理环境,即青藏高原的特殊性,以及牦牛放牧这一生产方式在该地区第一产业中的重要地位,国内外学者从牦牛放牧系统的管理出发,对该系统中各因子之间的相互响应进行了研究,主要包括当放牧制度不同时,系统中的初级生产力和次级生产力的表现特征。从不同放牧制度中草地和家畜的特征表现,再到人为管理对这两种生产力的影响,研究者通过对比和试验进行了系统优化方法的探索。笔者通过对现阶段已有的研究成果进行整理和分析,概括在不同的放牧管理方式下草地放牧系统中的牦牛在生产力水平方面的差异,以及草地对不同放牧强度的响应,探究青藏高原地区牦牛放牧方式如何影响草畜之间的互作关系。在此基础上,分析其在实际生产活动中存在的问题,以及如何通过改进管理制度优化生产的办法,并对牦牛放牧系统发展进行了展望。     

抑制鹿源多药耐药结核菌中药的筛选

为了筛选对鹿源多药耐药结核菌有效的中药耐药抑制剂,通过MABA法检测24种中药的水和乙醇提取物对多药耐药结核菌及标准菌H37Rv的体外抗菌效果,将筛选出的抗菌效果好的黄连醇提物和黄连水提物采用紫外分光光度法进行活性成分含量测定,同时以MABA法与标准品比较体外抗结核菌活性。结果显示,黄连、独活和侧柏叶有明显的抗结核活性,其中黄连水粗提物和乙醇粗提物效果最佳,测得它们活性成分即总生物碱含量分别为22.74%和35.23%,并显示二者与小檗碱的体外抗结核作用相同。     

草地生态系统安全及其评价研究

探讨了草地生态安全及其评价的概念与内涵,认为草地生态系统安全判断与度量准则应该是草地生态系统健康、草地生态系统服务功能及生态风险与管理的科学统一。同时尝试提出了草地生态系统安全评价的"健康-服务功能-风险与管理(health-service-risk and management,HSRM)"模型,构建了HSRM评价模型的指标体系,提出草地生态安全评价中草地生态安全度计算公式和安全状态分级标准。     

BoLA在牛抗病育种中的研究进展

BoLA基因同牛多种疾病和生产性状相联系,因此如何利用BoLA基因进行牛抗病育种是育种学家关心的问题,作者综述了BoLA基因同牛一些疾病的关系,并对BoLA基因进行牛抗病育种的现状及发展方向作了探讨。     

Type 2 diabetes mellitus with pancreatic β cell dysfunction in 3 horses confirmed with minimal model analysis

Reasons for performing study: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is diagnosed rarely in equine practice although it may be under‐recognised. A greater awareness of the condition and therapeutic considerations would be to the benefit of such cases presenting in practice. More investigation into the pharmacological management of these cases is needed. Objectives: Three cases of diabetes mellitus were investigated using a specific test for insulin sensitivity and pancreatic β cell function in order to define accurately and characterise the existence of T2DM in all 3 subjects. Methods: The insulin‐modified frequently sampled i.v. glucose tolerance test was performed in each case and the data so obtained were subject to minimal model analysis of insulin‐glucose dynamics. Cases were then monitored following treatment using a combination of dietary modification, metformin, glibenclamide and pergolide. Results: Marked insulin resistance was identified in each case and, furthermore, severe pancreatic β cell dysfunction was present therefore classifying each case as end stage T2DM. Treatment was nevertheless associated with restoration of normoglycaemia in all cases. Conclusions: T2DM in horses may be more common than generally considered. In some cases individuals may respond to therapy aimed at restoring insulin sensitivity and pancreatic function. Drugs used in other species for the treatment of T2DM have not yet been adequately tested in horses. Potential relevance: T2DM should be considered as an important differential diagnosis in mature to elderly horses and ponies suffering from weight loss, polydipsia and polyuria. Clinicians should be encouraged to offer treatment and management advice when such cases are encountered.     

体外培育抗苏拉灭伊氏锥虫克隆

将３个苏拉灭敏感的伊氏锥虫原种的克隆连续培养于改良Ｂａｌｔｚ无细胞培养系统中，通过逐步提高培养基中苏拉灭的含量，培育了３个抗苏拉灭的伊氏锥虫克隆─ＪＧｃ１－１６０、ＪＸ－１ｃ１－１６０和ＺＪｃ１－１４０。它们体外药敏试验的ＩＣ５０依次为３５８．５、４１２．３和２４６．４μｇ／ｍＬ，是各自亲本克隆的１２９２．５、１８７４．１和１７６０．ｏ倍；小鼠治疗试验的ＣＤ１００，对免疫功能正常小鼠依次为８０、１２０和３０ｍｇ／ｋｇ，为各自亲本克隆的５．３、８．０和３．０倍，对免疫抑制小鼠为２５０、３００和１００ｍｇ／ｋｇ，分别是相应免疫正常小鼠的３．１、２．５和３．３倍。试验结果表明，抗锥虫药治疗剂量不足和宿主免疫功能不全是导致产生抗药虫株的重要因素，各自既可单独发挥作用，又可相互协同。本文报道了体外培育伊氏锥虫抗药虫株的方法，这一方法对研究锥虫抗药性具有重要作用。     

炭疽病对沙尔沁地区苜蓿产量和品质的影响

由刺盘孢 (Colletotrichum americae-borealis)引致的炭疽病是苜蓿毁灭性病害之一,该病近年来在内蒙古普遍发生。为确定其对苜蓿产量和品质的影响,本研究以内蒙古沙尔沁地区的44个苜蓿品种对炭疽病的抗病性为基础,对猎人河、巨能2和驯鹿3个品种不同发病程度植株进行了产量损失评定,评价了炭疽病对驯鹿品种常规营养成分和氨基酸含量的影响。结果表明,44个苜蓿品种对炭疽病抗性存在差异,高感、中感、中抗和高抗品种的百分比依次为31.82%、34.09%、31.82%和2.27%,其中猎人河、驯鹿和巨能2均属于高感品种,不宜在该地区种植。与健康植株比较,重度发病的猎人河、巨能2和驯鹿品种单株干重显著降低6.72%~27.24%(P<0.05),产量显著降低6.79%~37.39%(P<0.05);与轻度发病植株相比,重度感病驯鹿、巨能2和猎人河产量显著降低了0.49%~21.06% (P<0.05)。重度发病植株的中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量显著高于健康植株(P<0.05),分别上升20.57%和15.79%,粗脂肪、粗蛋白等其他指标含量均显著低于健康植株(P<0.05),分别下降了34.53%和16.52%等;炭疽病显著降低了苜蓿氨基酸含量(P<0.05),其中蛋氨酸、异亮氨酸、赖氨酸、半胱氨酸和组氨酸含量分别降低54.21%~85.88%。以炭疽病严重度为自变量,各品质指标的含量为因变量建立回归方程,粗脂肪、中性洗涤纤维、苏氨酸、亮氨酸、丙氨酸和酪氨酸呈显著负相关且拟合度较好。综上,炭疽病发生严重时,不仅显著降低苜蓿产量,而且影响品质,应加以防治。     

俄罗斯野麦草引种试验

俄罗斯野麦草青草产量,４７３７０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,种子产量为２２９５ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,抗逆性强,适应范围广,返青早,枯黄期迟,青绿期长,利用价值高,适宜甘肃省绝大多数牧区和半农半牧区推广种植。