Teasing apart socially‐induced infertility in non‐reproductive female Damaraland mole‐rats,Fukomys damarensis (Rodentia: Bathyergidae)

The Damaraland mole‐rat is a subterranean mammal exhibiting extreme reproductive skew with a single reproductive female in each colony responsible for procreation. Non‐reproductive female colony members are physiologically suppressed while in the colony, exhibiting reduced concentrations of plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) and a decreased response of the pituitary, as measured by the release of bioactive LH, to an exogenous dose of gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH). Removal of the reproductive female from the colony results in an elevation of LH and an enhanced response of the pituitary to a GnRH challenge in non‐reproductive females comparable to reproductive females, implying control of reproduction in these individuals by the reproductive female. The Damaraland mole‐rat is an ideal model for investigating the physiological and behavioral mechanisms that regulate the hypothalamo–pituitary–gonadal axis. In contrast, we know less about the control of reproduction at the level of the hypothalamus. The immunohistochemistry of the GnRH system of both reproductive and non‐reproductive female Damaraland mole‐rats has revealed no significant differences with respect to morphology, distribution or numbers of immunoreactive GnRH perikarya. We examined whether the endogenous opioid peptide beta‐endorphin was responsible for the inhibition of the release of the GnRH from the neurons indirectly by measuring LH concentrations in these non‐reproductive females following single, hourly and 8 hourly injections of the opioid antagonist naloxone. The results imply that the endogenous opioid peptide, beta‐endorphin, is not responsible for the inhibition of GnRH release from the perikarya in non‐reproductive females. Preliminary data examining the circulating levels of cortisol also do not support a role for circulating glucocorticoids. The possible role of kisspeptin is discussed.     

药用植物红大戟快速繁殖技术研究

对药用植物红大戟快速繁殖的研究进行了详细对比分析,指出在不同快速繁殖方法中存在的问题和不足,提出与快速繁殖关键技术相关的建议,为红大戟种质资源保护和规范化种植奠定理论基础。     

红叶石楠营养钵扦插繁殖技术

以红叶石楠为试材,选取生长粗壮、半木质化1 a生枝条,进行春季和秋季扦插,对插穗用“国光生根粉”进行蘸根处理,采用一个营养钵扦插2～3个插穗的育苗技术.基本上10～12个月即可达到出圃要求,成活率可达92％～98％,高度可以达到50～80 cm,有5～8个分枝,并有一定的冠幅,苗齐苗壮,根系发达,带钵移栽根系完整,不伤苗,保水保肥,便于长途运输,移栽后相对于未使用营养钵育苗的成活率可提高10％～20％,且生长速度快.价高易销,上市很受欢迎.     

温度和光周期对甜菜夜蛾发育历期和繁殖的影响

本文测试了不同温度(22℃、25℃、28℃)和不同光周期(LD11:13,LD12:12,...,LD15:9)对甜菜夜蛾发育历期和繁殖的影响。结果表明:随着温度升高,甜菜夜蛾卵期、幼虫期、蛹期、蛹重都呈下降趋势,温度对卵期、幼虫期、蛹期、蛹重都有显著影响(P=0.000)。随着温度升高,每雌产卵量呈上升趋势,温度对每雌产卵量有显著影响(P=0.004);随着温度升高,雌虫寿命呈下降趋势,温度对雌虫寿命有显著影响(P=0.001);雄虫寿命也呈下降趋势,但温度对雄虫寿命没有显著影响(P=0.289)。在22℃、25℃、28℃条件下,在所有的光周期下,甜菜夜蛾滞育率都为0,没有光周期反应。在22℃条件下,不同光周期幼虫期、蛹期存在显著差异(P=0.002,P=0.011),蛹重没有显著差异(P=0.171);在25℃条件下,不同光周期幼虫期、蛹期、蛹重都无显著差异(P=0.973,P=0.069,P=0.862);在28℃条件下,不同光周期幼虫期没有显著差异(P=0.207),蛹期、蛹重存在显著差异(P=0.000,P=0.006)。     

短期高温脉冲对瓜型棉蚜的抑制作用及其在防治中的应用

模拟北方冬暖式大棚内的日变温模式,试验了日最高温分别为33、35和37℃的高温脉冲对1～5日龄瓜型棉蚜即瓜蚜(Aphis gossypii Glover)繁殖和寿命的影响。与日最高温33℃和35℃的高温脉冲相比,日最高温37℃的高温脉冲能显著降低成蚜的寿命和终身生殖量,高日龄瓜蚜经历高温后的终身生殖量和寿命明显降低。在43℃和45℃下1～6 h的短期高温对1～5日龄瓜蚜存活率影响的试验结果表明,45℃高温下处理3 h,瓜蚜的平均存活率可降到70％以下;43℃高温下处理4 h,除低日龄瓜蚜有较低的存活率外,高日龄的全部死亡。表明高温闷棚防治温室瓜蚜在生产实践中可考虑适当降低温度、延长高温持续的时间,也能达到抑制瓜蚜种群增长目的。     

The impact of clonality on an endangered tree (Elaeocarpus williamsianus) in a fragmented rainforest

The occurrence and distribution of clonality in the endangered rainforest tree Elaeocarpus williamsianus (Elaeocarpaceae) was investigated using SSR and RAPD analyses for 170 apparent individual trees found across seven sites. The results obtained with the two molecular techniques were in complete agreement in showing that single clones are present in most of the E. williamsianus sites with two genets occurring at the largest and most adequately protected site. In addition, seed production, viability and germinability were determined for four of these populations. Fruit were produced in all four populations tested although sterile fruit were very common. Only two E. williamsianus trees representing different genets within the same site produced viable seed. The overall genetic diversity within E. williamsianus is much lower than expected and thus the potential for sexual reproduction has been significantly diminished. It is concluded that habitat fragmentation removed an existing balance between vegetative and sexual reproduction in this species. Such findings have added urgency to the management of this species which could include a reintroduction program incorporating the collation of all clones within selected sites.     

美系大白猪繁殖性能与胴体品质影响因素探讨

为研究美系大白猪不同胎次、配种季节对繁殖性能,不同体质量阶段对屠宰性能及肉品质的影响,对美系大白猪不同胎次、配种季节初生仔猪体质量、窝总产仔数等进行统计分析。结果显示：美系大白母猪胎次对窝总产仔数、初生仔猪体质量均有显著影响,其中第4胎次比第1、第7胎次平均窝总产仔数分别提高1.02头和0.87头(P<0.05);第1、4、5胎次初生仔猪体质量均显著低于第2、3胎次;配种季节对大白猪窝总产仔数有显著影响,其中冬季进行配种的平均窝总产仔数比夏季、秋季进行配种分别提高0.63头和0.53头( P<0.05)。在屠宰性能上,屠宰体质量120 kg与80 kg、100 kg的屠宰率、肾脏质量差异达到极显著水平( P<0.01);板油质量、脂肪率及骨率差异达到显著水平(P<0.05);其他胴体性状之间差异均不显著(P>0.05)。大白猪的肉质性状(肉色、大理石纹、肌内脂肪)随屠宰体质量的增加呈上升趋势;100 kg和120 kg屠宰时大理石纹评分分别比80 kg屠宰时增加0.67、0.65;肉色、pH值、肌内脂肪含量在不同屠宰体质量间均无显著差异。结果表明,胎次、季节对大白猪的繁殖性能有显著影响,屠宰体质量对屠宰率、脂肪率、骨率及大理石纹有显著影响。     

Large‐scale identification of hot spots for soil carbon demand under climate change and bioenergy production

Global change scenarios predict an increased risk for declining amounts of soil organic matter (SOM) for Central Germany. Within this region the production of bioenergy is one important strategy to counteract the rising anthropogenic CO₂‐emissions. Both issues have a close connection: SOM is an important basis for soil productivity and requires a steady reproduction flux. Bioenergy production requires productive soils and partly consumes plant biomass C. Therefore, the available amount for SOM reproduction is reduced. This study provides a methodology for the large‐scale identification of areas with possible conflicts between bioenergy production and SOM reproduction based on (1) the prediction of climate change impact on SOM reproduction and (2) an analysis of the regional distribution of biogas plants. With the C demand index (CDI) and the capacity index (CAP), two indicators were developed which enable the identification of hot spots of high carbon demand for SOM reproduction due to climate change and the usage of bioenergy. As a result of low data requirements, the indicators are widely applicable and transferable to other large‐scale studies. The proposed methodology was applied to Central Germany as a pilot region. Results indicate a growing demand (10–40%) of fresh organic C from biomass for SOM production in comparison to the current level. The analysis reveals that the bioenergy C demand is not evenly distributed within the study region. It also shows some regional clustering. Furthermore, the analysis identifies certain hot spots of a high C demand, where a high capacity of biogas production may conflict with rising demands for biomass to mitigate climate change effects on SOM storage. The hot spot areas—identified and selected on a large scale—can subsequently be analyzed in more detail on a local to farm scale by using high‐resolution data and models which enable the quantification of soil C dynamics.     

菌材树种及用量对甘孜州野生乌天麻无性繁殖的影响

研究不同菌材树种、菌材用量对甘孜州野生乌天麻(Gastrodia elata Bl.f.glauca S.Chow)无性繁殖的影响。结果表明,菌材树种对甘孜州野生乌天麻无性繁殖的产量和箭麻折干率均有极显著影响,刺叶栎类材质紧密树种所培养的天麻的产量和折干率极显著高于白桦类材质疏松树种;菌材用量对甘孜州野生乌天麻无性繁殖产量有极显著影响,但对箭麻折干率无影响。     

氨氯吡啶酸对紫茎泽兰有性繁殖的影响

为了对紫茎泽兰的防治提供参考依据,进行紫茎泽兰不同生育期喷施不同浓度24%氨氯吡啶酸水剂试验,研究其对紫茎泽兰开花结实及土壤中农药残留对植物种子萌发的影响。结果表明:花芽分化前期和花芽分化期喷施低剂量(3.2~25g/hm2)的24%氨氯吡啶酸可延迟花期,降低种子量,但植株仍能进行有性繁殖,虽顶芽花序败育,但侧芽少量花序仍能开花结果;高剂量处理(50~100g/hm2)能有效抑制紫茎泽兰生殖器官发育,均不能开花结实;花器官发育期喷施氨氯吡啶酸对紫茎泽兰有性繁殖控制效果较好,浓度25g/hm2以上处理均不能结种;低剂量12.5g/hm2处理单株种子量显著减少。结论:防治紫茎泽兰的有性繁殖最佳时期为花器官发育期,施药剂量高于25g/hm2植株均不能产生种子,且喷施较高浓度的氨氯吡啶酸不仅可除治当季紫茎泽兰,还能抑制其来年植株生长,对土壤种子库更新影响较小。