中稻氮磷钾肥的施肥效果及推荐用量

2008年在湖北省荆州市布置了中稻的氮、磷、钾肥的肥料效应试验,研究了氮、磷、钾肥对中稻产量的影响,并对施肥的经济效益进行了分析。结果表明,中稻施用氮肥的效果最好,稻谷增产量最高达1291kg/hm2,相应增产率为20.0%,纯增收入1073元/hm2;施用钾肥的增产量为676kg/hm2,增产率为10.6%,纯增收入190元/hm2;施用磷肥的增产量为391kg/hm2,增产率为5.9%,纯增收入283元/hm2。通过拟合一元二次肥效模型,确定中稻最高产量N、P2O5和K2O的施用量分别为123、64、126kg/hm2,最佳经济N、P2O5和K2O的施用量分别为110、60、70kg/hm2。     

Crop Nutrient Status and Nitrogen,Phosphorus, and Potassium Balances Obtained in Field Trials Evaluating Different Fertilizer Recommendation Systems on Various Soils and Crops in Hungary

Based on correlations calculated from the database of long-term fertilization experiments carried out in Hungary between 1960 and 2000, a new, cost-saving, and environmentally friendly fertilizer recommendation system was developed. The aim of the new system is to apply the lowest possible nitrogen (N)–phosphorus (P)–potassium (K) rates required to achieve good yields and maximum income per unit area. The World Phosphorus Institute (IMPHOS) agreed to finance a 3-year program to test various Hungarian fertilizer recommendation systems (the new RISSAC-RIA [Research for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry‐Research Institute for Agriculture] system, the Talajer?gazdálkodás integrated soil fertility management system, and the intensive MÉM NAK [Department of Plant Protection and Agricultural Chemistry of the Ministry of Food and Agriculture] system) when applied to three major crops grown on three characteristic Hungarian soils. The first five treatments in the experiment represented a classical deficiency experiment, aimed at checking the correctness of the NPK supply categories determined by the various systems. On all three soils and for all three crops the IMPHOS experiments confirmed the basic principles of the new cost-saving, environmentally friendly fertilizer recommendation system and the correctness of the methods used for calculating fertilizer rates. In this article, diagnostic plant analysis, soil analysis data, and NPK balances obtained in the different recommendations are discussed. In most cases the plant NPK contents of all the recommendations exceeded the lower limits of the good NPK supply category for wheat and barley shoot as well as for corn leaf. Crop NPK contents in Talajer?gazdálkodás and MÉM NAK treatments (with greater recommended NPK doses) were most cases better than in the RISSAC-RIA treatments; however, the better crop NPK status did not result in extra grain yield in the former treatments. Taking into account that similarly high yields were obtained using the RISSAC-RIA system and the Talajer?gazdálkodás integrated system with much smaller NPK doses than those recommended by the intensive MÉM NAK system, it was more advantageous from agronomic, environmental protection, and economic points of view. Differences in PK balances correlated well with the differences in the measured soil ammonium lactate (AL)–PK contents after the third year of the experiment.     

蔬菜氮磷钾三元肥效模型的MonteCarlo建模法

应用"3414"设计的田间肥料试验结果,探讨蔬菜氮磷钾三元肥效模型的Monte Carlo建模法。莴苣试验结果表明,采用最小二乘法回归建模,NP、NK二元肥效模型属于非典型式,PK二元和NPK三元肥效模型属于典型式;而改用MonteCarlo建模法,NP、NK和PK二元肥效模型以及NPK三元肥效模型均属于典型式。采用最小二乘法回归建模,不同蔬菜作物建立的34个三元肥效模型的典型式出现机率为41.2%,而Monte Carlo建模法的典型式出现机率为91.2%,提高了2.2倍。Monte Carlo建模法是适当放弃数学上偏差平方和最小的最优性,使待估参数达到专业上最优而数学上较优,从而提高典型肥效模型的出现机率。对莴苣氮钾非典型肥效模型的推荐施肥表明,Monte Carlo法的结果明显优于产量频率分析法。因此,Monte Carlo建模法为建立蔬菜多元肥效模型和推荐施肥提供了一种有效方法。     

充足范围法和修正诊断施肥综合法在荔枝营养诊断中的比较

根据深圳市4个荔枝丰产园制定了糯米糍荔枝叶片N、P、K、Ca、Mg、B、Zn 7个元素的标准值范围及其相应比值参比值等参数，运用充足范围法（标准值法）与修正诊断施肥综合法（M-DRIS）对深圳市2个低产园糯米糍N、P、K、Ca、Mg、B、Zn的丰缺状况进行了诊断．结果表明，与充足范围法相比，M-DRIS不但可以衡量养分相对平衡状况，还能够提供施肥次序和养分潜在缺乏的信息，为荔枝平衡施肥提供参考依据．     

基于云计算的测土配方施肥服务系统研究与应用

利用云计算的分布式存储与处理和ArcGIS技术,研发形成了快速处理测土配方施肥空间数据、属性数据和生产数据等大数据的测土配方施肥决策与服务系统。该系统依据测土配方施肥数据库中的数据,结合专家经验,通过聚类分析、回归分析、响应曲面和线性规划等数学模型,定量地为常见农作物提供科学的施肥配方方案;实现了土地资源信息毫秒级查询响应和图像展现,残缺、异常数据自动修正,还具有专家视频、专题图制作等功能。通过建立的测土配方施肥服务站以及配肥站的触摸屏、PC机和配肥机终端系统,可为农民提供测土配方施肥技术服务。     

玉米计算机推荐施肥与咨询服务系统

在对辽宁省海城市耿庄镇旱田耕层土壤养分含量状况分析测定的基础上，根据《中国土壤普查技术》制定的标准，对耿庄镇旱田土壤养分含量进行了分级和评价，并针对各分级土壤区域建立了具体的肥料施用数学模型。应用Viaual Basic高级程序设计语言及肥料施用数学模型建立计算机推荐施肥应用系统，用于耿庄镇玉米种植推荐施肥与咨询服务。     

地力差减法在黔东南州黄粘泥田水稻测土推荐施肥中的应用研究

通过田间试验,水稻的地力产量、目标产量均与土壤养分测定值正相关;化肥利用率与土壤养分测定值负相关;逐一分析养分平衡法施肥公式中各子项与土壤养分测定值的数量关系．建立推荐施N、P2O5、K2O量分别与土壤速效氮、磷、钾的一一对应函数关系。     

广西巨尾桉人工林缺素病症发生原因和防治措施的探讨

通过对广西巨尾桉人工林缺素病症的综合调查与分析表明：广西桉树人工林土壤普遍呈酸性,土壤氮、有机质含量属中等水平,速效钾和有效铜、有效锌含量属于低水平,速效磷和有效硼含量属于极贫水平,在这样的土壤种植桉树人工林易出现缺素病症,特别易表现出缺硼、缺锌、缺钙和缺镁等的综合缺素病症。造成桉树缺素病症发生普遍主要是由于不合理施肥造成的。开展桉树测土配方施肥和营养诊断平衡施肥是有效防治和缓解桉树缺素病症的重要措施之一。     

引进三眠蚕诱导技术生产超细纤度生丝的试验及其开发意见

安徽金寨县引进三眠蚕诱导技术生产超细纤度生丝 ,并就开发生产超细纤度生丝提出建议意见     

京郊露地蔬菜平衡施肥产量和养分数据库的建立

蔬菜施肥推荐需要了解作物的养分需求和收获部分带走的养分量。根据京郊地区露地蔬菜生产的调查结果,结合已有的相关文献和专家意见,建立了京郊露地主要栽培蔬菜的包括目标产量、经济产量、残茬产量、养分需求量、经济产量部分养分含量、作物残茬养分含量等内容的数据库。