Germination ecology of Leptochloa chinensis: a new weed in the Italian rice agro-environment

Leptochloa chinensis is a new weed that has been found with increasing frequency in Italian rice paddies. The germination ecology of L. chinensis seeds was studied in order to investigate the development mechanisms and survival strategy of this weed in rice paddies of northern Italy. Leptochloa chinensis seeds showed no dormancy and exhibited germination even in anoxic conditions. Germination was strongly influenced by temperature (minimum around 15°C; optimal 25–35°C) and light (phytochrome dependent). Temperature fluctuation caused an increase of seed germination in the dark. Seed burial also strongly inhibited germination and emergence of this species. At 5 cm seed burial only 5% of seedlings emerged in flooded conditions, while at the same depth, but with no flooding, no seedling emergence was observed. This phenomenon was not due to oxygen depletion, as germination was not inhibited by complete anoxia, as demonstrated by the fact that some seedlings did emerge in flooding conditions when water was no deeper than 6 cm. Seed burial and concomitant flooding induced an unusual germination: first coleoptile emergence and subsequently emergence of the radicle was observed. The possible exploitation of this knowledge for weed management is discussed.     

Comparison of kinetic properties of a hydrophilic form of acetylcholinesterase purified from strains susceptible and resistant to carbamate and organophosphorus insecticides of green rice leafhopper (Nephotettix cincticeps Uhler)

A hydrophilic form of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was purified from N-methyl carbamate susceptible (SA) and highly N-methyl carbamate-resistant (N3D) strains of the green rice leafhopper (GRLH), Nephotettix cincticeps Uhler. Both of purified AChE from SA and N3D strains displayed the highest activities toward acetylthiocholine (ATCh) at pH 8.5. In the SA strain, the optimum concentrations for ATCh, propionylthiocholine (PTCh), and butyrylthiocholine (BTCh) were about 1 × 10⁻³, 2.5 × 10⁻³, and 1 × 10⁻³ M, respectively. However, in the N3D strain, substrate inhibition was not identified for ATCh, PTCh, and BTCh to 1 × 10⁻² M. The K_m value in the SA strain was 51.1, 39.1, and 41.6 μM and that in the N3D strain was 91.8, 88.1, and 85.2 μM for ATCh, PTCh, and BTCh, respectively. The K_m value in the N3D strain indicated about 1.80-, 2.25-, and 2.05-fold lower affinity than that of the SA strain for ATCh, PTCh, and BTCh, respectively. The V_max value in the SA strain was 70.2, 30.5, and 4.6 U/mg protein and that in the N3D strain was 123.0, 27.0, and 14.5 U/mg protein for ATCh, PTCh, and BTCh, respectively. The V_max value in the N3D strain was 1.75- and 3.15-fold higher for ATCh and BTCh than that in the N3D strain. However, it was 1.13-fold lower for PTCh. The increased activity of AChE in the N3D strain is due to the qualitatively modified enzyme with a higher catalytic efficiency. The bimolecular rate constant (k_i) for propoxur was 27.1 × 10⁴ and 0.51 × 10⁴ M⁻¹ min⁻¹ in the SA and N3D strain and that for monocrotophos was 0.031 × 10⁴ and 2.0 × 10⁴ M⁻¹ min⁻¹ in the SA and N3D strain. AChE from the N3D strain was 53-fold less sensitive than SA strain to inhibition by propoxur. In contrast, AChE from the N3D strain was 65-fold more sensitive to inhibition by monocrotophos than AChE from the SA strain. This indicated negatively correlated cross-insensitivity of AChE to propoxur and monocrotophos.     

控释氮肥运筹对钵苗摆栽籼粳杂交稻甬优1540产量及氮肥利用的影响

研究籼粳杂交稻钵苗摆栽超高产栽培模式下适宜的控释氮肥运筹。试验于2016—2017年在安徽庐江进行,以当地高产籼粳杂交稻甬优1540为供试品种,设置控释氮肥一次性基施(single basal application of CRNF, BC)、与尿素分蘖肥配施(basal application of CRNF combined with urea top-dressing at the tillering stage, BC+TU)、与尿素穗肥配施(basal application of CRNF combined with urea top-dressing at panicle initiation, BC+PU)三种运筹模式,以尿素分次施肥(conventional high-yield fertilization,SU)和不施氮肥(0N)为对照,研究控释氮肥运筹对钵苗摆栽籼粳杂交稻产量、氮肥吸收利用及相关农艺指标的影响。结果表明,控释氮肥阶段释放基蘖肥:穗肥比例为7∶3,较传统优化氮肥运筹SU (6∶4)整体表现基蘖肥冗余,穗肥不足,因而BC和BC+TU处理显著降低了钵苗摆...     

长期定位试验不同耕作方式与秸秆还田对水稻产量和稻米品质的影响

以中嘉早17(早稻)和泰优390(晚稻)为材料,进行长期定位试验,研究不同耕作方式与秸秆还田耦合条件下水稻产量和品质的表现.结果 表明,与秸秆不还田处理相比,秸秆还田处理能显著增加水稻产量,增产幅度为9％,"早稻旋耕+晚稻翻耕"处理对水稻增产效果最明显,周年产量高达15.8 t/hm2,较其他处理高5％～36％.秸秆还...     

褐飞虱在华中地区不同主栽水稻品种上的生活史和种群动态

为明确褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens对华中地区不同主栽水稻品种的适合度,利用两性生命表分析华中地区的5个主栽水稻品种C两优、岳优、深两优、华两优和红良优对褐飞虱生活史参数的影响,并模拟取食5个水稻品种后褐飞虱的种群动态。结果表明:不同水稻品种对褐飞虱的生长发育和繁殖存在显著影响,取食华两优和红良优的褐飞虱雌成虫寿命分别为10.73 d和11.43 d,显著短于取食C两优(14.71 d)、岳优(15.34 d)和深两优(14.52 d)时;取食红良优的褐飞虱雌成虫产卵量为108.30粒,较取食C两优(237.90粒)、岳优(218.40粒)和深两优(179.60粒)显著减少。褐飞虱取食红良优后,其种群净增殖率和世代周期均显著低于取食C两优和岳优时;而其种群内禀增长率和周限增长率均显著低于取食岳优时。表明华中地区5个主栽水稻品种中红良优可显著降低褐飞虱的繁殖力和种群参数,褐飞虱对红良优的适合度最低,可作为华中地区主栽水稻来防控褐飞虱。     

基于基因编辑技术创制高亚油酸水稻材料

【目的】亚油酸是一种人体必需的脂肪酸,能加快体内脂肪代谢与分解、减少胆固醇在血管壁上形成积存、有效预防动脉硬化的发生、提高人体免疫力、促进骨骼发育、提高记忆力、预防脑部功能退化等功能。利用基因编辑技术对控制脂肪酸合成途径的关键酶ω-3脂肪酸去饱和酶基因进行精准编辑,关闭下游产物的合成途径,以便提高水稻上游亚油酸的含量,为创制富集亚油酸水稻材料提供依据。【方法】水稻脂肪酸合成途径中的关键酶ω-3脂肪酸去饱和酶基因(OsFAD3)存在2个拷贝,分别分布在第11和第12染色体,且两者cDNA同源性达97.32%。根据基因编辑原理(编辑的特异性取决于引导RNA(gRNA)的特性),在2个同源基因序列高度一致的外显子区域,分别设计合成2个gRNA,并分别构建植物基因编辑载体,利用农杆菌介导法转化本地受体材料(富源4号)。通过对基因编辑植株进行靶位点测序鉴定,分析2个位点的编辑效率和基因型。同时,对OsFAD3双突变体进行粒宽、粒长等主要籽粒农艺性状分析。采用气质联用检测法测量OsFAD3双突变体籽粒的37种脂肪酸含量。【结果】获得2个位点的纯合编辑材料,同时也获得了其他不同基因型组合的编辑材料;...     

基于高光谱和激光雷达遥感的水稻产量监测研究

【背景】快速、准确地估算水稻产量对于肥水精确管理及国家粮食政策的制定至关重要。高光谱与激光雷达遥感作为2种不同的主被动监测技术,为水稻长势信息获取提供了多样化手段。【目的】对比2种遥感监测手段在不同生态点的独立数据集中的验证精度,寻求可移植性强的产量估算模型,对水稻长势监测提供理论与技术支撑,及为精确农业提供科学指导具有重要意义。【方法】本研究通过实施3年(2016—2018年)包含不同地点、不同品种与不同氮素水平的水稻田间试验,在抽穗后各时期同步获取点云数据和光谱数据,结合线性回归与随机森林回归来估算产量,探究抽穗后点云数据与光谱数据估算水稻产量的差异;同时评估产量模型在不同数据集的时空可移植性,寻求可移植性强的产量估算模型。【结果】利用点云数据估算产量的精度(R²=0.64—0.69)优于光谱数据的估算精度(R²=0.20—0.58);基于线性回归的产量估算模型,其验证精度明显优于基于随机森林回归的产量模型;产量模型在同一生态点的可移植性更强(不同生态点:RRMSE 16.69%—17.85%;同一生态点:RRMSE 11.37%—12....     

不同温度处理下水稻高光谱及红边特征分析

通过田间试验,测定了3个温度处理下2个品种的水稻冠层不同生育期高光谱反射率及水稻叶片叶绿素含量等生物物理参数,对水稻叶绿素浓度与温度进行了相关分析,并对不同生育期不同温度处理下水稻冠层光谱的变化规律及红边特征进行了对比.结果表明:叶绿素浓度随温度升高而下降,水稻均在孕穗期近红外肩区的反射率达到最大,其反射率随温度胁迫的加深而下降,但晚上增温情形除外.国稻6号(杂交稻)在不同生育期不同温度处理下的光谱曲线差异比武运粳7号(粳稻)明显.国稻6号在抽穗期红边面积和红边幅值达最大值,在孕穗期红边位置达最大值;除晚上增温情形外,武运粳7号在孕穗期3个红边参数达最大值,受高温胁迫后,红边位置向短波方向移动.     

籼稻9311HR-T显性高秆基因的初步定位

从转入bar基因的籼稻半矮秆材料9311HR的BC3F2中发现了1株高秆突变体9311HR-T,其株高和秆长分别比野生型9311HR增加60.8%和71.5%,其高秆性状受1对显性基因控制.以9311HR-T与02428杂交产生的F2群体为材料,利用微卫星标记将9311HR-T高秆基因定位在水稻第1染色体长臂上的SSR标记RM472和RM1387之间,距RM472和 RM1387的遗传距离分别为8.6 cM和12.3 cM,该基因暂命名为DT1.     

两个水稻DH群体茎蘖消长的发育QTL分析

利用分别来源于窄叶青8号(ZYQ8)和京系17(JX17)及春江06(CJ06)和台中本地1号(TNI)2个组合的DH群体(分别称为DH-1和DH-2群体),采用非条件及发育QTL分析方法研究水稻茎蘖消长的遗传控制.其中,DH-1群体定位到条件与非条件QTL共44个,分布于第3、12染色体以外的其他10条染色体上;DH-2群体定位到条件和非条件QTL共70个,分布于第7染色体外其他11条染色体上.通过全基因组比较QTL定位,在2个群体间共确定了10对26个处于相似物理位置的QTL位点,其中有6对14个位点均在相同时期内被检测到,很可能包含有控制茎蘖数的主效数量基因,这些QTL位点在显著性、效应值和贡献率均存在较大差异,对其基因本质仍需进一步深入研究.