1株军曹鱼病原弧菌的鉴定及其系统发育树分析

从养殖的患病军曹鱼身上分离出1株病原菌JT2，革兰氏阴性，短杆状，有极生鞭毛，能运动，菌落半透明。经回归感染实验，证明该菌为军曹鱼病原菌。进行了常规生理生化实验，并用API-ID32E系统鉴定该菌。再经Biolog-GN细菌鉴定系统鉴定，结果JT2与鲨鱼弧菌（Vibrio carchariae）相似度最高。为了进一步确定该菌的分类学地位，测定了其16SrDNA序列，分析了相关细菌的同源性，构建其系统发育树。结果表明，该菌株与V．carchariae的亲缘关系最近。综合上述几种方法的鉴定结果，最后鉴定该株菌为鲨鱼弧菌V．carchariae。     

Analysis of bacterial community and bacterial nutritional enzyme activity associated with the digestive tract of wild Chilean octopus (Octopus mimus Gould, 1852)

Information on the bacterial community associated with octopus is very scarce, unlike fish and other molluscs. This study revealed the bacterial community associated with digestive tract of wild Chilean octopus Octopus mimus using a culture‐dependent method and 16S rDNA clone library. Moreover, we analysed the bacterial nutritional enzyme activity of culturable bacteria. A culture‐dependent method showed that the composition of the culturable bacterial community was substantially different between female and male octopus. The predominant species in female octopus were Vibrionaceae and Streptococcaceae, whereas only Vibrionaceae was dominated in male octopus. Bacterial nutritional enzyme activities of culturable bacteria from male octopus were much higher than female octopus. The 16S rDNA clone library analysis showed that the bacterial community of male octopus exhibited a higher diversity than that of female octopus. The genus Mycoplasma was the predominant bacteria in the digestive tract of all octopus samples. The results obtained in this study raise the possibility that each octopus has different food consumption due to different bacterial community and nutritional enzyme activity, although Mycoplasma sp. is one of the predominant bacteria in the digestive tract. Moreover, our results are useful for the future of microbiological investigation associated with the octopus and for probiotics in the octopus aquaculture.     

厚壳贻贝不同组织中的微生物群落结构

为了解厚壳贻贝（Mytilus coruscus）各组织中微生物的分布差异,本实验在Illumina MiSeq 测序平台利用16S rDNA克隆子测序（V3-V4区）对嵊泗养殖贻贝的血淋巴、消化腺、肾脏、鳃、外套膜、性腺和足等7种组织中的微生物群落结构进行分析,并比较组织间微生物的多样性差异。结果显示,21个样本平均产生36,860条高质量序列。血淋巴共有1,237个OTU,其次是消化腺（1,014个OTU）和肾脏（1,015个OTU）,性腺最少（仅有553个OTU）。尽管血淋巴OTU数最高,但仅有9个独有OTU。肾脏拥有最多172个独有OTU,消化腺次之（144个独有OTU）。所有组织中均以变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）和疣微菌门（Verrucomicrobia）为主要菌群。Alpha多样性指数分析显示血淋巴、消化腺和肾脏微生物多样性最高。以上结果表明,厚壳贻贝微生物存在一定的组织差异性,这将为今后深入阐释厚壳贻贝与微生物之间的相互作用及其调控机理奠定基础。     

基于16SrDNA分析的浒苔外生细菌多样性研究

为研究浙江近海浒苔Ulva spp.(Enteromorpha spp.)外生细菌多样性,采用传统的形态学和16S rDNA测序分析的方法,从舟山朱家尖、宁海国华电厂和奉化南沙3个地区分离到可培养的浒苔外生细菌及其周围海水细菌65株。根据细菌菌落特征和革兰氏染色结果等将分离到的细菌分为26种表型。16S rDNA序列测序比对发现:菌株与不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、交替单胞菌属(Alteromonas)、弧菌属(Vibrio)、假交替单胞菌属(Pseudoalteromonas)、微小杆菌属(Exiguobacterium)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、赤细菌属(Erythrobacter)、微球菌属(Micrococcus)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、深海杆菌属(Idiomarina)、Phaeobacter、Roseivirgaj和Silicibacter等23个属相应菌株具有较高同源性。对不同地区浒苔外生细菌进行了Shannon-Wiener多样性指数分析。研究表明:(1)宁海国华电厂的浒苔外生细菌多样性最丰富,多样性指数为93.98%;(2)浒苔外生细菌与其生活地区密切相关,其群落组成具有地域差异,其优势类群也不尽相同,但均归属于变形菌门。     

青岛陆源排污口邻近海域异养细菌的组成与分布

对青岛近海度假区、港口区、养殖区、工业区4类排污口邻近海域异养细菌的组成与分布进行了调查研究,采用海洋异养细菌平板涂布培养法分离细菌,基于16S rDNA的扩增性DNA限制性酶切片段分析(ARDRA)进行聚类筛选并测序鉴定。结果显示,青岛排污口邻近海域可异养培养的菌株分布于变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)4个细菌类群,变形菌门细菌数量占总测序数量的68%,其中γ-变形菌纲的数量在变形菌门中占88%;不同海域中细菌组成与分布有所不同,放线菌门和拟杆菌门的细菌种类较少且各海域分布有所不同,但γ-变形菌纲的弧菌属细菌(Vibrio sp.)在4类海域中均被发现,占总检测量的18.54%,其中溶藻胶弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus)占弧菌总量的25%。不同海域也检测到V.parahaemolyticus、V.harveyi、V.campbellii、V.parahaemolyticus等水产养殖业的潜在致病菌。根据16S rDNA系统进化关系和细菌门类聚类分析得到的结论推断,工业区与养殖区海域的细菌组成和分布相似度较高,推断各海域的细菌组成与排污口类型有一定相关性。     

普通荞麦染色体的原位PCR技术研究

[目的]探索一种适合荞麦的简单易行的染色体原位PCR技术。[方法]采用16S套式引物、4．5S套式引物与psbA引物,以栽培甜荞为材料,进行染色体原位PCR、原位套式PCR与多次原位PCR试验。[结果]高温干燥可以起到与包埋类似的作用;染色体的原位套式PCR效果比原位PCR明显,多次原位PCR次数为5-6效果较佳。16S引物和4．5S引物均显示了4对信号,但位置不同;而psbA引物是单拷贝的,仅显示出1对信号。根据这些信号的位置差异可以区分普通荞麦的5对染色体。[结论]所使用的荞麦染色体原位PCR技术简单易行。     

赤潮研究中圆海链藻实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

为建立快速、准确的鉴定和定量检测赤潮生物的方法,以圆海链藻为例,以其18S rDNA序列为寻找种特异性引物的靶区域,通过分析18S rDNA序列,设计出适合用于RFQ-PCR的引物与探针,并通过引物PCR验证确定其特异性,进而以圆海链藻荧光定量PCR的引物和探针（Primer Thalassiosira rotula和Taqman Thalassiosira rotula）,建立了定量检测圆海链藻的实时荧光定量PCR检测方法（RFQ-PCR）。与传统的显微镜计数方法比较,两者所获结果无显著性差异,证明了本方法的可行性,从而为我国沿海水域赤潮问题的研究提供了良好的技术检测途径。     

Molecular evidence for cosmopolitan distribution of platyhelminth parasites of tunas (Thunnus spp.)

Global distribution of platyhelminth parasites and their host specificities are not well known. Our hypothesis was that platyhelminth parasites of large pelagic fishes are common around the world. We analysed molecular variation in three different taxa of platyhelminth parasites infecting four species of tunas: yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares, Scombridae) from Western Australia, southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii, Scombridae) from South Australia, Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis, Scombridae) from Pacific Mexico and northern bluefin tuna (T. thynnus, Scombridae) from two localities in the Mediterranean (Spain and Croatia). Comparisons of ITS2 and partial 28S rDNA demonstrated two congeneric species of blood flukes (Digenea: Sanguinicolidae) from multiple hosts and localities: Cardicola forsteri from southern bluefin and northern bluefin tunas, and Cardicola sp. from Pacific bluefin and northern bluefin tunas; and a gill fluke, Hexostoma thynni (Polyopisthocotylea: Hexostomatidae), from yellowfin, southern bluefin and northern bluefin tunas. Partial 28S rDNA indicates that a second type of fluke on the gills, Capsala sp. (Monopisthocotylea: Capsalidae), occurs on both southern bluefin and Pacific bluefin tunas. This appears to be the first report of conspecific platyhelminth parasites of teleosts with a wide‐ranging geographical distribution that has been confirmed through molecular approaches. Given the brevity of the free‐living larval stage of both taxa of flukes on the gills (H. thynni and Capsala sp.), we conclude that the only feasible hypothesis for the cosmopolitan distribution of these flatworms is migrations of host tunas. Host migration also seems likely to be responsible for the widespread occurrence of the two species of blood flukes (Cardicola spp.), although it is also possible that these were translocated recently by the spread of infected intermediate hosts.     

基于DNA序列的‘和田’玫瑰遗传背景分析研究

‘和田’玫瑰为国内主栽的玫瑰品种之一,其遗传背景不明确不利于产品开发和推广应用。本研究选择‘和田’玫瑰的疑似近源种,采用ITS和atpB-rbcL序列分析的方法,通过构建系统进化树分析它们的亲缘关系,明确其遗传背景。结果显示,ITS序列多态性较高,尤其是ITS2序列能够获得更多的遗传信息,基于ITS2序列‘,和田’玫瑰和法国蔷薇聚为一个小分支,说明其亲缘关系较近。atpB-rbcL序列在被测植物材料间的多态性比较低,但可以反映母本信息‘,和田’玫瑰与法国蔷薇、百叶蔷薇、腓尼基蔷薇和玫瑰在一个分支内。结合ITS的聚类结果,推测法国蔷薇为‘和田’玫瑰的母本,与大马士革蔷薇有共同亲本起源。