Identifying the limiting factors driving the winter wheat yield gap on smallholder farms by agronomic diagnosis in North China Plain

North China Plain(NCP) is the primary winter wheat production region in China, characterized by smallholder farming systems. Whereas the winter wheat average yield of smallholder farmers is currently low, the yield potential and limiting factors driving the current yield gap remain unclear. Therefore, increasing the wheat yield in NCP is essential for the national food security. This study monitored wheat yield, management practices and soil nutrient data in 132 farmers' fields of Xushui County, Baoding City, Hebei Province during 2014–2016. These data were analyzed using variance and path analysis to determine the yield gap and the contribution of yield components(i.e., spikes per hectare, grain number per spike and 1 000-grain weight) to wheat yield. Then, the limiting factors of yield components and the optimizing strategies were identified by a boundary line approach. The results showed that the attainable potential yield for winter wheat was 10 514 kg ha~(–1). The yield gaps varied strongly between three yield groups(i.e., high, middle and low), which were divided by yield level and contained 44 farmers in each group, and amounted to 2 493, 1 636 and 814 kg ha~(–1), respectively. For the three yield components, only spikes per hectare was significantly different(P0.01) among the three yield groups. For all 132 farmers' fields, correlation between yield and spikes per hectare(r=0.51, P0.01), was significantly positive, while correlations with grain number per spike(r=–0.16) and 1 000-grain weight(r=–0.10) were not significant. The path analysis also showed that the spikes per hectare of winter wheat were the most important component to the wheat yield. Boundary line analysis showed that seeding date was the most limiting factor of spikes per hectare with the highest contribution rate(26.7%), followed by basal N input(22.1%) and seeding rate(14.5%), which indicated that management factors in the seeding step were the most important for affecting spikes per hectare. For desired spikes per hectare(6.598×10~6 ha~(–1)),the seeding rate should range from 210–300 kg ha~(–1), seeding date should range from 3th to 8th October, and basal N input should range from 90~(–1)80 kg ha~(–1). Compared to these reasonable ranges of management measures, most of the farmers' practices were not suitable, and both lower and higher levels of management existed. It is concluded that the strategies for optimizing yield components could be achieved by improving wheat seeding quality and optimizing farmers' nutrient management practices in the NCP.     

小麦雄性不育机理的研究进展

稳定雄性不育系的建立是杂种优势利用的前提条件,因此阐明小麦雄性不育的形成机 理是实现杂交小麦高效制种的基础理论保障。本文从生理生化,分子生物学两方面对该领域的 研究进展进行综述,旨在为深入解析小麦雄性不育机制提供参考资料和研究思路。     

我国生态保护红线归责机制的完善

生态保护红线是我国近年来在环境保护领域提出的一项突破性的制度。2014 年我国 颁布新修订的《中华人民共和国环境保护法》,明确提出了这一概念。可以肯定的是这是我国在 生态环境立法上的一个进步,表明了我国运用法律手段保护生态环境的决心。然而,目前虽然 有了这一制度的概念,但是在实际的运行中仍然存在诸多问题,目前如何实现这项制度的细化 以及明确相应的法律责任是实现生态系统管理的重要一步。本文通过对生态保护红线内涵的 分析,旨在探究生态保护红线归责机制的完善,希望能为我国生态保护红线制度相关法律责任的 明确提出     

渐开线齿轮重合度与双齿啮合刍议

重合度是衡量齿轮传动平稳性和承载能力的一个重要指标,可反映在啮合过程中双齿啮合的比例。本文对齿轮啮合过程进行解析,阐述齿轮的双齿啮合比概念,并解析了齿轮的双齿啮合比的计算式,介绍并纠正学生在理解双齿啮合过程时的一个误区。     

输电线路沿线林火监测技术综述

文章阐述了输电线路沿线林火监测的必要性,梳理了林火导致输电线路跳闸的机理,分析了 输电线路沿线林火监测可见光监测技术、红外监测技术、卫星遥感监测技术、激光雷达监测技术、气体 监测技术、燃烧音监测技术的原理、优缺点及其应用,分析认为采用现有单一林火监测技术容易造成沿 线火点的迟测误测漏测;通过两种或多种技术耦合、优化现有监测设备及监测算法等方式能达到及时、 准确地监测林火,展望了输电线路沿线林火监测技术的发展趋势。     

棉花细胞质雄性不育的研究与利用

棉花具有十分明显的杂种优势。杂交棉通常比常规棉增产15%左右,而且在纤维品质、抗病、抗虫、抗逆境和光合效率等性状上也有明显改良。在棉花杂种优势的利用中,最重要的环节之一是杂交种子的生产（制种）。目前,杂交棉制种常有四条途径,人工去雄授粉法制种、化学杀雄法制种、利用核雄性不育的“两系法”制种和利用细胞质雄性不育的“三系法”制种。生产实践表明,利用棉花雄性不育既可简化制种又可节省成本,特别是利用棉花细胞质雄性不育系、保持系和恢复系的“三系法”制种,可较有效克服其他制种方法的一些缺点,是最有效的途径。为此,文章在阐述棉花杂种优势利用途径的基础上,重点综述棉花细胞质雄性不育的遗传学、细胞学和生理生化的特点;深入阐述不育细胞质对杂种F₁的正/负效应,并就如何培育强恢复系的问题,以培育转GST的强恢复系为例,探讨克服不育细胞质对杂种F₁负效应的可能机制;根据棉花为常异花授粉作物和花器具有虫媒花特征的特点,详细介绍三系杂交棉制种的亲本（不育系和恢复系）选配、地点选择和环境优化等条件,以及如何综合优化这些条件提高制种产量的关键技术。利用棉花细胞质雄性不育的“三系法”制种,与其他作物比较,在杂种优势利用中具有4个突出的优点：（1）不育系为无花粉不育类型,育性不受气候等环境的影响,可保证杂种的纯度;（2）棉花开花期长达3个月,不存在制种时花期不遇的现象,制种产量有保证;（3）棉花生态适应性广,育成的组合可在各地种植,种子产业化效益明显;（4）可利用种间（海岛棉与陆地棉间）杂种优势。可以预言,基于细胞质雄性不育的三系杂交棉是大有前途的,将是棉花杂种优势利用的主要途径。最后,就本领域的发展趋势,特别是在利用现代生物技术培育新的不育系和恢复系方面进行了初步探讨。     

Assessment of Genetic Diversity of Drought Tolerant and Susceptible Rice Genotypes Using Microsatellite Markers

The introgression of wild chromosomal segments into popular rice varieties is one of the potential approaches for developing varieties for drought stress condition. Sixteen genotypes, including nine indica, two tropical japonica and five chromosome segments substitution lines(CSSLs) with different levels of tolerance/susceptibility to drought stress, were selected for diversity study. Sixty-three microsatellite markers were utilized for assessing genetic diversity. A total of 95 alleles were amplified, and out of them, 60 were polymorphic. Six unique alleles, amplified by the microsatellite loci RM276, RM472,RM488, RM537, RM541 and RM28089, were identified in six genotypes, namely FR13A, Brahamanakhi,RUF44, Swarna-sub1, Brahamanakhi and Satyabhama. The highest genetic similarity was found among CSSLs. Polymorphism information content(PIC) value varied from 0 to 1.00 with an average of 0.66 per locus. Twenty-eight microsatellites were found to be polymorphic, which could be used in marker-assisted selection programme. All the sixteen genotypes were grouped into two major clusters at genetic similarity of 0.64. In the cluster I, five CSSLs identified as diverse genotypes had wild ancestor segments responsible for drought tolerance, and hence they could be utilized as potential donors. The popular Indian varieties, Swarna-sub1 and IR64-sub1, could be used as recurrent parents in the future breeding program for developing varieties for abiotic stresses such as submergence and drought.     

紫花苜蓿细胞质雄性不育系相关microRNA的鉴定

紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.）是一种多年生豆科苜蓿属牧草,利用紫花苜蓿细胞质雄性不育系育种有着重要意义,相关microRNA的鉴定工作是研究其分子机制的重要内容。本试验以培育的紫花苜蓿细胞质雄性不育系MSGN1A及其同型保持系MSGN1B的花蕾为试验材料,采用small RNA测序技术对MSGN1A及MSGN1B在花药发育阶段的鉴定差异表达microRNA以及差异表达microRNA靶基因功能进行注释。结果表明：共计检测到1 478个miRNA,其中known miRNA 1 351个,novel miRNA 127个;筛选出差异表达miRNA 130个,包括90个上调表达的miRNA和40个下调表达的miRNA;差异表达micro RNA靶基因主要涉及的通路有：“代谢过程”、“细胞过程”、“信号生物过程”、“植物激素信号传导”、“氧化磷酸化”和“淀粉蔗糖代谢”等。差异表达microRNA靶基因的功能主要是调控花药的发育,其次是调控花期以及信号传导,而差异表达microRNA靶向的转录因子中多为控制花期、花药发育和信号传导等过程的因子,对不育系的败育起到一定的影响。     

新建高压输电线路对管道干扰预测及缓解措施

为了判断某新建高压输电线路对埋地管道交流干扰程度并采取相应的缓解措施,利用数值模拟技术结合现场测试校正,建立了管道交流干扰计算模型,预测了新建高压输电线路对管道的交流干扰程度,并根据管道周围环境特点设计了深井地床排流缓解措施。测试结果表明:数值模拟计算结果与现场实测结果基本吻合,验证了合理设计深井地床能够有效缓解管道交流干扰的事实。实际工况的复杂性使得计算模型不可能与现场情况完全一致,对于新建输电线路,可利用附近已有的输电线路对计算模型进行校正。     

具有强Allee效应的野生蚊子和绝育蚊子相互作用模型

假设野生蚊子具有强Allee效应,建立了包括野生蚊子和绝育蚊子相互作用的连续时间动力学模型.通过研究系统的动力学性态,包括分析平衡点的存在性、稳定性,发现系统在一定条件下存在双稳定现象,并得到了不同野生蚊子释放策略条件下控制与消灭野生蚊子种群的阈值条件,同时借助数值模拟验证了相关的理论结果.