尾矿砂堆积地五节芒自然定居对土壤微生物生物量、呼吸速率及酶活性的影响

为了认识重金属耐性植物五节芒（Miscanthus floridulus）对尾矿砂土壤的改良作用,在尾矿砂堆积地上选择1个裸露的尾矿砂样点（对照）和4个五节芒定居的尾矿砂样点（RI、RII、RIII和RIV）为样地,研究了土壤微生物生物量、呼吸速率和酶活性随五节芒定居梯度的变化规律以及这些微生物参数与土壤理化特性和重金属含量的关系。结果发现,随着五节芒在尾矿砂上的定居,除土壤pH以外,土壤有机碳、总氮、总磷、NH4+-N、NO3--N和速效磷的含量以及团聚体稳定性和最大持水量均显著提高（P 0.05）,而土壤重金属总量与DTPA可提取量均显著下降（P 0.05）。土壤生物生物量碳、氮、磷、基础呼吸速率、基质诱导呼吸速率、10种土壤酶活性均显著提高（P 0.05）,但土壤呼吸熵和多酚氧化酶活性显著下降（P 0.05）。主分量分析（PCA）结果表明,土壤微生物参数、土壤理化特性和土壤重金属数据均可显著区分出5个研究样地;典范相关分析（CCA）结果看出,土壤微生物参数总体变化与土壤理化特性呈显著正相关（pH除外）,与土壤重金属呈显著负相关。     

梅江盆地叶塘组紫色岩上发育土壤的物理性质研究

采用野外调查、取样和室内实验分析相结合的方法,研究了梅江盆地白垩系上统叶塘组（Kyt^2）紫色岩上土壤物理性质特征扣差异,结果表明：叶塘组紫色岩母质发育的土壤粘粒含量低而砂粒含量高,具有容重较大,比重相对偏小,孔隙度不高,自然含水量偏低的特点。从丘顶、丘腰到丘脚,土层逐渐增厚,土壤粘粒含量逐渐增加,砂粒含量逐渐减少,容重递增而比重减小。孔隙度表现出丘顶〉丘腰〉丘脚的趋势,含水量则表现出丘顶〈丘腰〈丘脚的趋势。针对情况,提出相应建议以维护紫色土利用的可持续发展。     

Spatial pattern and heterogeneity of soil properties in sand dunes under grazing and restoration in Horqin Sandy Land, Northern China

Applying a combination of classical and geostatistical methods, we identified soil properties and their spatial variation in a 5-year grazed sand dune (GSD5) and a 20-year recovered sand dune (RSD20) in Horqin Sandy Land, northern China. The paper assesses the effect of grazing, topography and vegetation restoration on spatial heterogeneity of soil properties. The results showed that soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, very fine sand (0.1–0.05 mm) content and their coefficients of variation were lower in GSD5 than in RSD20, while soil water contents (0–20 cm and 20–40 cm depths) were higher in GSD5 than in RSD20. Geostatistical analysis revealed that the spatial structured variance accounted for the largest proportion of total sample variance in soil properties at the measured scale under grazing and restoration. The spatial autocorrelation ranges were 66.30 m for soil organic carbon and 50.80 m for total nitrogen in GSD5 less than those in RSD20 (70.00 m and 76.10 m, respectively), while the spatial autocorrelation ranges of soil particle size fractions and soil water contents in RSD20 were less than those in GSD5. Kriging-interpolated maps also showed that the heterogeneity of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen and their degree of patch fragmentation were higher in GSD5 than in RSD20. These results suggested that continuous grazing resulted in an increase in spatial variability of soil nutrient and a decrease in spatial variability of soil particle size fractions and soil water content. Soil organic carbon and total nitrogen of sand dunes are associated closely with soil particle size fractions, relative height of sampling site and vegetation cover. Spatial patterns of soil properties are most strongly related to grazing, topography and plant-induced heterogeneity in sand dune ecosystems prone to wind erosion.     

单轨道山地果园运输机齿条齿形优选

为减小单轨道山地果园运输机能耗及提高运输效率,该文基于动力学理论建立了运输机驱动轮与轨道齿条啮合的动力学模型,并设计、加工制造了链轮齿形齿条、销轮齿形齿条、摆线齿形齿条。以运输机驱动轮旋转角速度、轨道坡度、齿条齿形为考察因素,以驱动轮与不同齿形齿条啮合时所需提供的驱动扭矩为评价指标,探究齿条齿形对单轨道山地果园运输机力学性能的影响,得到在相同条件下驱动轮与链轮齿形齿条啮合时的驱动扭矩最小,且波动幅度最小。在驱动轮转速为+88.08 rad/s、轨道坡度分别为+0?、+6?、+12?时,驱动轮与链轮齿形齿条啮合时的驱动扭矩均值较驱动轮与圆弧齿形齿条啮合时的驱动扭矩均值分别减小33.82%,33.45%,21.59%;在驱动轮转速为-88.08 rad/s、轨道坡度分别为-0?、-6?、-12?时,驱动轮与链轮齿形齿条啮合时的驱动扭矩均值较驱动轮与圆弧齿形齿条啮合时的驱动扭矩均值分别减小35.55%,27.24%,30.43%。试验结果表明,链轮齿形齿条综合性能最优,较圆弧齿形齿条更适宜用于单轨道山地果园运输机的轨道运输中。该研究为单轨道山地果园运输机轨道的结构优化设计提供了参考。     

Strip-till as a means of decreasing spatial variability of winter barley within a field scale

The tillage system, which joins soil tillage, fertilisation, and seed sowing in one pass of a machine, is rarely used in cereal cultivation. This research aimed to study whether strip-till and conventional tillage (post-harvest ripping and mixing of stubble, ploughing, pre-sowing fertilisation, and seedbed preparation) differ in plant density, yield components, and grain yield of winter barley cultivated on Cambisol in a region with low rainfall, the annual average is about 500?mm. To reach this aim, a two-year, large-plot experiment was conducted in a production field. The soil within the field was spatially variable in texture, moisture, and chemical and biological properties, CV 2.3% do 29.6%. Strip-till had lower within-field spatial variability of winter barley grain yield than conventional tillage. The standard deviation was 0.36?t?ha^?1, 0.67?t?ha^?1 in the first year and 0.12?t?ha^?1, 0.30?t?ha^?1 in the second year, respectively. During the period of limited rainfall, strip-till had greater uniformity of plants after emergence; after the winter with low air temperature and a low amount of snow, it had greater plant density. Thus, strip-till can reduce variability of plants and their yield within a field, especially in adverse environmental conditions.     

冻融对河北省深州市盐碱地土壤理化性质的影响

随着全球气候变暖,冻融对土壤性质的影响日益受到重视。以河北省深州市盐碱土为研究对象,通过分析土壤含水率、全持水量、容重、饱和导水率、电导率、pH和有机质的变化,探讨冻融对0—20cm深度盐碱地土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明:0—20cm土层深度,冻融增加土壤的含水率,而对全持水量的影响较小;0—10cm土层深度,冻融增加了土壤容重与pH,降低了土壤的电导率和渗透性,该层土壤水盐运移呈特殊规律,土壤含水率与电导率呈相反变化趋势;对于10—20cm土层深度,冻融增加了土壤的渗透性和有机质的含量。在相关性分析中,0—20cm土层深度土壤容重与全持水量呈极显著负相关(P0.01),与含水率呈显著负相关(P0.05),其有机质含量和导水率与其他性质无显著相关;0—10cm土层深度土壤pH与容重和含水率呈极显著相关,与全持水量呈显著相关;10—20cm土层深度土壤电导率与容重呈显著负相关,与全持水量呈显著正相关。研究结果为冻融对盐碱土影响的研究及盐碱土的改良提供科学依据。     

不同轮牧方式对荒漠草原土壤理化性质及草地健康的影响

研究轮牧方式对草地土壤理化性质的影响,对草地科学利用和草地生态保护具有重要意义。以宁夏面积最大的荒漠草原为研究对象,通过放牧试验,研究围封禁牧、连续放牧、二区、四区和六区轮牧对0—40cm土壤理化性质的影响,并运用模糊评判法对草地健康状况进行评价。结果表明:(1)六区和四区轮牧土壤粉粒含量和含水率较高;轮牧方式对土壤容重和孔隙度影响较小;四区和六区轮牧有利于土壤物理结皮、地衣—藻类结皮维持。(2)连续放牧的土壤有机质含量最低,全氮含量以禁牧最低;速效氮含量在四区轮牧最高,六区轮牧下速效磷钾含量最高。(3)土壤性状间存在一定的相关性,但草地植物生物量与多数土壤性状相关性不明显。(4)六区轮牧的健康指数最高,连续放牧的健康指数最低。研究认为,研究区草原以六区轮牧为宜。     

影响作物吸收硒的土肥因素研究进展

硒是人体的必需元素,硒缺乏会造成多种疾病。通过摄入农产品适量补充硒,能保证人体健康。对作物补充适量硒肥,是增加农产品硒含量的有效措施。作物吸收硒与土壤因素及肥料因素关系密切,判断哪个因素是影响作物吸收硒最关键的因素值得探讨。通过对文献系统调研发现,影响作物吸收硒的土肥因素中,土壤本身的硒含量及硒肥量最关键,土壤pH及有机质含量为活化土壤硒的间接因素,硒肥种类及施肥方式为配合硒肥量的补充因素。促进作物对硒的吸收要结合土壤性质、硒肥量、施肥方式等因素综合考虑,以达到富硒农产品高产高效的目的。     

新疆喀纳斯景区表层土壤磁学特征及环境意义

为探究环境磁学方法在景区土壤污染监测中的可行性,以新疆5A级景区喀纳斯为研究区域,采集表层土壤样品72个,并对其进行系统的环境磁学分析。结果表明:喀纳斯景区土壤磁性矿物平均含量较高,磁学矿物主要由亚铁磁性矿物构成,并含有少量的不完全反铁磁性矿物。磁晶颗粒主要为粗颗粒多畴,同时存在较少的超顺磁颗粒。磁参数空间分布表明,磁性矿物含量参数(χLF、SIRM、SOFT、HIRM)在湖口旅游区表现出高值,新村、老村和旅游接待地呈现相对低值;其他参数(χFD%、S-ratio、SIRM/χLF)空间分布规律与含量磁性参数基本呈相反趋势;研究区的磁性高值点分布与景区人类活动密集区、建筑物及道路的分布具有一致性;湖口旅游区较高的磁性值主要与较强的自然成土作用有关,其他区域的磁性高值点主要受旅游活动的影响。因此,借助土壤磁学方法能够有效区分和圈定景区土壤人为污染范围,为景区土壤污染防治和旅游规划提供参考依据。     

亚热带红壤区不同土地利用方式下的土壤剖面水流特征

以江西省鹰潭市的典型旱地、稻田和林地为研究对象,采用野外亮蓝染色示踪试验结合室内图像处理的方法,量化了各样地土壤剖面染色特征参数,明确了水流类型的剖面分布规律,并揭示了土壤理化性质对水流特征的影响机制。结果表明:染色面积比(SAR)随着土层深度的增加急剧降低,0—60 cm土层的平均SAR表现为稻田(28.16%)高于旱地(21.95%)和林地(18.64%),SAR差异主要体现在5—25 cm土层;染色路径数(SPN)随着土层深度的增加先增加后减小,整个剖面的平均SPN为稻田最多(20条),旱地其次(12条),林地最少(9条)。各样地0—20 cm土层染色路径宽度(SPW)均以1—10 cm为主,水流类型从上至下依次为均质流、非均质指流和高相互作用大孔隙流;对于20 cm以下土层,旱地和稻田的SPW以1 cm为主,水流类型分别以低相互作用大孔隙流和混合作用大孔隙流为主,林地以1—10 cm的SPW为主,主要水流类型为高相互作用大孔隙流。有机质含量、根系密度和土壤机械组成等性质影响了土壤的孔隙特征,进而影响了土壤的饱和导水率和水流特征。为提高红壤区的水分利用效率、减少水土流失,可以通过破除旱地犁底层、减少稻田干湿交替下的裂隙发育,以及增加林地植被多样性等多种方式实现。